When this is combined with Pauls own statements (likely from Rome) in Col 4:10 and Phlm 24, the circumstantial case appears even stronger. [22] Those convictions involved a nucleus of key concepts: the messiah, the son of God and the son of man, the suffering servant, the Day of the Lord, and the kingdom of God. So we, too, have put our faith in Christ Jesus that we may be justified by faith in Christ and not by the works of the law, because by the works of the law no one will be justified. Galatians 2:1415. For more than a millennium, the church has attributed this gospel to Matthew, the tax collector turned disciple. Tradition has it that the Gospel According to Mark was written down by Mark, a companion of Peter, who simply recorded what Peter preached in Rome (1 Peter 5:13) and this person was, in turn, identified with "John Mark" in Acts (12:12,25; 13:5-13; 15:37-39) as well as the "Mark" in Philemon 24, Colossians 4:10, and 2 Timothy 4:1. The disciple whom Jesus loved was clearly close to Peter: This close relationship supports the likelihood that this disciple was part of Jesus inner circle (Peter, James, or John). Since James is martyred early (Acts 12:1-5), and John is never mentioned by name in the whole book (which for anyone else would be a mistake), John is believed to be the most likely author. But the Fourth Gospel might provide us with clues conceal Get expert commentary on biblical languages, fresh explorations in theology, hand-picked book excerpts, author videos, and info on limited-time sales. and a woman was there who had been crippled by a spirit for eighteen years. Papias of Hierapolis (A.D. 60-130) and Irenaeus (A.D. 130-200) both . Paul is far less sympathetic with the Judaizers in his letters, and even calls out Peter for his hypocrisy: When I saw that they were not acting in line with the truth of the gospel, I said to Cephas in front of them all, You are a Jew, yet you live like a Gentile and not like a Jew. In the Lords Prayer, the author of Matthew says And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors (Matthew 6:12), whereas the author of Luke says, Forgive us our sins, for we also forgive everyone who sins against us (Luke 11:4). (1) The authors many Aramaisms (Mark 3:17; 5:41; 7:11, 34; 10:45; 14:36) are compatible with a Palestinian Jew like John Mark (cf. [31] Peter's confession at Mark 8:2730 that Jesus is the messiah thus forms the watershed to the whole gospel. Enhance your schools traditional and online education programs by easily integrating online courses developed from the scholars and textbooks you trust. Papias thus admits that he learned the words of the apostles from their followers but says that he personally heard Aristion and John the presbyter. [56] These and other instances provide reliable evidence of how the evangelist perceived Jesus, but it is not clear just what the title meant to Mark and his 1st century audience. A Jewish man working as a tax collector for the Roman government certainly could have been proficient in both languages. . Its quite plausible that people in even the most distant provinces could have become used to using Roman terms for soldiers, money, and measurement. Mark's Gospel is an early record of Jesus' life, ministry, death and resurrection, but Mark isn't mentioned as an eyewitness in any of the Gospel accounts. Audience of Mark's Gospel. As it is set forth by the first phrase in Mark's Gospel, Mark intended to compose "the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God." The reason for composing the Gospel is speculative. For Whom Was the Gospel According to Mark Written? Does Papias mean the text was actually written in Hebrew or Aramaic, or that it was written in a Hebrew or Aramaic style? Lazarus first appears in John 11:1, and two chapters later, the writer identifies someone as the disciple whom Jesus loved (John 13:23). The gospel written by the disciple Jesus loved doesnt include the main events where only Peter, James, and John were presentthe raising of Jairus daughter, the transfiguration, or the prayer in Gethsemane. He wasnt an apostle, and he wasnt an eyewitness to the ministry of Jesus, but we have good reason to believe John Mark was in fact the author of the gospel that bears his name. Are there other context clues we can use to determine the authors? Marks language is more every day than literary Greek and he consistently has Jesus attacking the rich while praising the poor. [24], However, in the 19th century, Mark came to be viewed by many scholars as the earliest of the four gospels, and as a source used by both Matthew and Luke. This would explain why he was able to make many assumptions about their knowledge of Jewish scriptures but not necessarily their knowledge of Jewish customs in Jerusalem or Aramaic. After being miraculously freed from prison, Peter heads to John Marks mothers home where the church is gathered: When this had dawned on him, he went to the house of Mary the mother of John, also called Mark, where many people had gathered and were praying.. Learn Religions, Aug. 27, 2020, learnreligions.com/audience-of-marks-gospel-248657. For he had one overriding purpose: to omit nothing that he had heard and to make no false statements in his account., Eusebius points out that though Papias did not himself know the apostles, he was in direct contact with those who had heard them, including John the Elder, Aristion, Polycarp, and the daughters of Philip the Evangelist (Eusebius, Hist. Being a Gentile would also explain why the author takes such an interest in how Gentiles respond to the gospel. While the work is attributed to "Mark," we will probably never know the . Retrieved from https://www.learnreligions.com/gospel-according-to-mark-248660. However, as Mark writes, the "gospel" was only known as a preached message. Learn more in Mark L. Strauss's Mark video lecture series and in his commentary on Mark. Mark also emphasizes the Passion, predicting it as early as chapter 8 and devoting the final third of his Gospel (1116) to the last week of Jesus life. [40] Like the other gospels, Mark was written to confirm the identity of Jesus as eschatological deliverer the purpose of terms such as "messiah" and "son of God". These titles were probably not original, since such specificity would not have been necessary until the Gospels began to circulate together. 4. One of the most striking elements in the Gospel is Marks characterization of Jesus as reluctant to reveal himself as the Messiah. Some acknowledged that the Second Coming had been delayed, but still expected it; others redefined the focus of the promise, the Gospel of John, for example, speaking of "eternal life" as something available in the present; while still others concluded that Jesus would not return at all (the Second Epistle of Peter argues against those who held this view). Given these doubts, some scholars have proposed alternative possibilities for the disciple whom Jesus loved. Here are three other people the unnamed disciple could be: 1. who was called stump-fingered because for the size of the rest of his body he had fingers that were too short. When Mark wrote his Gospel, Peter was not present, nor did Peter even know that the faithful of Rome were pestering Mark to write the Gospel. This he did and gave copies to all who asked. [75] This reflects a move away from the Jewish-Christian apocalyptic tradition and towards the Hellenistic message preached by Paul, for whom Christ's death and resurrection, rather than the establishment of the apocalyptic Jewish kingdom, is the meaning of salvation, the "gospel". Peter answers that he is the Christ, and Jesus commands him to silence; Jesus explains that the Son of Man must go to Jerusalem and be killed, but will rise again; Jesus goes to Jerusalem, where he is hailed as one who "comes in the name of the Lord" and will inaugurate the "kingdom of David"; he drives those who buy and sell animals from the Temple and debates with the Jewish authorities; on the, A woman perfumes Jesus' head with oil, and Jesus explains that this is a sign of his coming death; Jesus celebrates. 4 More answers below Quora User Dr. theol. In fact, Mark's relationship with Peter seems to parallel Luke's relationship to Paul. Peter could have left on a missionary journey soon after returning to Rome from attending the Dormition of the Virgin Mary at Ephesus. When did Mark wrote his gospel? Some lean more towards later in the war, some earlier. As in all the gospels, the messianic identity of Jesus is supported by a number of themes, including: (1) the depiction of his disciples as obtuse, fearful and uncomprehending; (2) the refutation of the charge made by Jesus' enemies that he was a magician; (3) secrecy surrounding his true identity (this last is missing from John). Marks understanding of Galilean geography is fair, but his understanding of Palestinian geography is poor he wasnt from there and couldnt have spent much time there. When was the Gospel According to Mark Written? For three main reasons, almost all scholars believe the Gospel of Luke was written by the same person who wrote Acts: If we can safely claim that the author wrote both bookswhich the vast majority of Bible scholars believe we canthen we can use Acts to learn more about the author of Luke. There are many clear signs that Mark has gone to great lengths to absolve Romans of the responsibility for Jesus death even to the point of painting Pontius Pilate as a weak, indecisive leader rather than the brutal tyrant that everyone knew him to be. [80] Mark's Christ dies with the cry, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? But early tradition connects it with the Mark of this story. The Gospel of Matthew talks about money more than the other Synoptics. Those who argue for a later date say that Mark was able to include the prophecy about the destruction of the Temple because it had already happened. Thus the proclamation of Jesus in Mark 1:14 and the following verses, for example, mixes the terms Jesus would have used as a 1st-century Jew ("kingdom of God") and those of the early church ("believe", "gospel"). The point of the Beelzebub incident in Mark[52] is to set forth Jesus' claims to be an instrument of God, not Satan. Please check errors and resubmit. In Mark, we see Jesus the Messiah coming as a servant. For he had not heard the Lord or been one of his followers, but later, as I said, a follower of Peter. In 1 Peter 5:13, he sends greetings from my son Mark. One could argue that this is a different Mark (again, the name was very common), but given the early churchs explanation of John Marks relationship to Peter, its probably safe to assume this is the same Mark we see throughout Acts and Pauls letters. Books and articles that equip you for deeply biblical thinking and ministry. For them, it doesnt make a great deal of difference whether Mark wrote shortly before the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE or shortly after. While each gospel follows him on the same journey, they recount it a little differently. However, Mark uses the same phrasing as Matthew, so that piece of the argument doesnt really hold up. The Authorship of Mark's Gospel: Who Was Mark? Cline, Austin. Thomas. Other early church writers, including Tertullian (Marc. The church has always attributed this gospel to him, but without a direct claim in the text, that attribution comes from tradition, not Scripture. Those who favor an earlier date argue that Mark's language indicates that the author knew that there would be serious trouble in the future but, unlike Luke, didn't know exactly what that trouble would entail. Books and articles that equip you for deeply biblical thinking and ministry. ), and everyone interpreted (or, translated) them as best they could.. None of these arguments make a perfect case for Matthews authorship, but taken together, they do support the possibility. In a cave sealed in 68 CE was a piece of a text which is claimed to be an early version of Mark, thus allowing Mark to be dated before the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. . [39], The author introduces his work as "gospel", meaning "good news", a literal translation of the Greek "evangelion"[40] he uses the word more often than any other writer in the New Testament except Paul. This encounter comes just before the gospels purpose statement. Most scholars agree that it was used by St. Matthew and St. Luke in composing their accounts; more than 90 percent of the content of Marks Gospel appears in Matthews and more than 50 percent in the Gospel of Luke. Some argue that the author of Mark was using the disciples to correct "erroneous" views in his own community concerning the reality of the suffering messiah, others that it is an attack on the Jerusalem branch of the church for resisting the extension of the gospel to the gentiles, or a mirror of the convert's usual experience of the initial enthusiasm followed by growing awareness of the necessity for suffering. POV: You discuss religions with your Turkish friend Okan, who happens to be a Muslim. For Instructors and School Administrators. After an introduction (1:113), the Gospel describes Jesus ministry in and around Galilee (1:148:26), his journey to Jerusalem (1113), the Passion (1415), and the Resurrection (16). Who wrote the Gospel of Mark in the Bible? Matthews lack of prominence in the New Testament suggests to some that the early church must have had good reason to attribute the gospel to him. Indeed, all of this may have been the reason for the author of Mark to collect the various stories and write his gospel explaining to Christians why they had to suffer and calling others to heed Jesus' call. Some scholars argue that these are two separate men, but most believe Matthew was known by two names, possibly called Levi because he belonged to the tribe of Levi. July 25, 2018 The authorship of the Gospels is a matter of considerable debate amongst skeptics and critics of the New Testament canon. These questions are addressed in Dr. Mark Strauss course, Four Portraits, One Jesus, which this article comes from. We dont see Mark in Acts after that, but Pauls letters reveal that they eventually mended their relationship. The failure of the disciples and Jesus' denial by Peter himself would have been powerful symbols of faith, hope and reconciliation for Christians. Some have suggested that this other John wrote the gospel, but Papias actual words leave room for interpretation, and Eusebius may have been wrong about what he meant. Mark recorded the story of Simon Peter who himself was an eyewitness. Some scholars claim that the theologies are different, and that the Paul we see in Acts is different from the Paul we see in his letters. Jesus became God's son at his resurrection, God "begetting" Jesus to a new life by raising him from the dead this was the earliest understanding, preserved in Paul's. But Jesus did not say that he would not die; he only said, If I want him to remain alive until I return, what is that to you?, This is the disciple who testifies to these things and who wrote them down. [63] In the Old Testament the term messiah ("anointed one") described prophets, priests and kings; by the time of Jesus, with the kingdom long vanished, it had come to mean an eschatological king (a king who would come at the end of time), one who would be entirely human though far greater than all God's previous messengers to Israel, endowed with miraculous powers, free from sin, ruling in justice and glory (as described in, for example, the Psalms of Solomon, a Jewish work from this period). 4.5), Origen (Eusebius, Hist. https://www.learnreligions.com/audience-of-marks-gospel-248657 (accessed July 5, 2023). Did Mark Write the Gospel of Mark? Lets look at what we know about the writer of the Gospel of John prior to this passage. [53], In 1901, William Wrede identified the "Messianic secret" Jesus' secrecy about his identity as the messiah as one of Mark's central themes. At the end of the day, the gospels are still anonymous. 106). Papias, likely writing around AD 95 110,37 quotes John the Elder concerning the authorship of the Second Gospel: The Presbyter used to say this also: Mark became Peters interpreter and wrote down accurately, but not in order, all that he remembered of the things said and done by the Lord. John Mark in the Bible [59] The New Testament as a whole presents four different understandings: However, other scholars dispute this interpretation and instead hold that Jesus is already presented as God's son even before his baptism in Mark. 3. The story of Jesus stands or falls on the trustworthiness of the Gospels. [42], In Mark, the disciples, especially the Twelve, move from lack of perception of Jesus to rejection of the "way of suffering" to flight and denial even the women who received the first proclamation of his resurrection can be seen as failures for not reporting the good news. For three main reasons, almost all scholars believe the Gospel of Luke was written by the same person who wrote Acts: Luke and Acts were written in the same style and express the same theology. Raymond E. Brown ( An . Peter used to teach as the occasion demanded, without giving systematic arrangement to the Lords sayings, so that Mark did not err in writing down some things just as he recalled them. John Mark, the writer of the Gospel of Mark, also served as a companion to the Apostle Paul in his missionary work and later assisted the Apostle Peter . See Martin Hengel, The Titles of the Gospels, in. The quote is ambiguous, and scholars cant definitively say what it means, but according to Eusebius, Papias said this about Matthew: Matthew compiled (or arranged, or composed) the logia (oracles, sayings or perhaps gospel) in the Hebrew (or, Aramaic) language (or, style? And did other people interpret itimplying that Matthew was a source, not an authoror did they translate his work? The four gospels writers were each in a position to write a historically accurate account of the life of Christ. You may unsubscribe from these email communications at any time. To study the Gospels is to study the foundation of Christianity, and in Four Portraits, One Jesus, author and professor Mark Strauss provides an expert and understandable introduction to these first four books of the New Testament. He was Peters interpreter. If that convoluted trail of information doesnt convince you though, numerous other early church writers claimed he wrote it, including Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Jerome. It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death, burial, and the discovery of his empty tomb. 3.39.1 9; cf. But who was this Mark? If Matthew and Luke both used Mark as a primary source (as most scholars believe), then its reasonable to assume he would be comfortable changing his own name in the account. Basis of the Hebrew gospel hypothesis: Papias and the early church fathers. What Are the Synoptic Gospels, and Where Do They Come From? Had the Romans discovered a religious movement focused upon a political revolutionary executed for crimes against the state, they would have clamped down much harder than they already were doing. These are the only Jews among my co-workers for the kingdom of God, and they have proved a comfort to me. It is the shortest and the earliest of the four Gospels, presumably written during the decade preceding the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 ce. . The Gospels record the greatest story ever told, the events of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus. Conservative scholars who favor an early date often rely heavily upon a fragment of papyrus from Qumran . Here is the first. The majority of recent scholars believe this to be the original ending,[37] and that this is supported by statements from the early Church Fathers Eusebius and Jerome. Only place in the New Testament where Jesus is referred to as "the son of Mary". Finally, Paul, languishing in prison shortly before his execution, tells Timothy, Get Mark and bring him with you, because he is helpful to me in my ministry (2 Tim 4:11). The birth narratives in both Matthew and Luke help answer the question, Who is Jesus and where did he come from? One of the ways each book does this is by recounting Jesus genealogy. The parallel passages in the other Synoptics refer to the tax collector Jesus calls as Levi. The author also uses specific money-related terms the other gospels dont mention, such as the two-drachma temple tax in 17:24 and the Greek word stater in 17:25. Instead of the Romans, Marks author lays the blame with the Jews primarily the leaders, but also to the rest of the people to a certain degree. The gospel contains numerous details that appear incidental, some not even bearing a symbolic significance: Since these details seem so unimportant, its hard to imagine that they would be noteworthy to a second or thirdhand writer. The Greek words Luke uses both to describe her condition (sugkuptousa) and the exact manner of Jesus healing (apolelusai, anorthothe) are medical terms. Papias mentioned Matthew wrote about Jesus. Mark is the only gospel where Jesus himself is called a carpenter; The taking of a staff and sandals is permitted in Mark 6:89 but prohibited in Matthew 10:910 and Luke 9:3. He is always wrestling in prayer for you, that you may stand firm in all the will of God, mature and fully assured. Mark seems to have a knowledge of at least one and maybe two or three different collections. This quote alone isnt enough to prove Matthew is the author, but thats not all scholars have to go on. The authors understanding of Jewish traditions is sometimes said to be deficient, rendering it unlikely that the gospel was composed by a Jerusalem Jew. For example, Mark 7:3 4 says that the Pharisees and all the Jews practice ceremonial washing, when in fact this was a distinctly Pharisaic ritual, not practiced by all Jews. .. Instructor: The Dead Sea Scrolls support the themes and imagery John uses, such as light vs. darkness, and the children of God vs. the children of Satan, which seems to support that the gospel emerged from a Jewish, rather than Greek context. [32] A further generally recognised turning point comes at the end of chapter 10, when Jesus and his followers arrive in Jerusalem and the foreseen confrontation with the Temple authorities begins, leading R.T. France to characterise Mark as a three-act drama. [47][48] This is the charge the Jewish religious leaders bring against Jesus: they say he is performing exorcisms with the aid of an evil spirit[49] and calling up the spirit of John the Baptist. . By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from HarperCollins Christian Publishing (501 Nelson Place, Nashville, TN 37214 USA) providing information about products and services of HCCP and its affiliates. Did the early church fathers know more about the gospels authorship than we know now? First Peter 5:12 13, with its references to Babylon and Silvanus (Silas), another of Pauls companions, provides incidental confirmation to Marks association with both Paul and Rome. Although the Papias tradition of Markan authorship is not a question of orthodoxy, nor does it affect the message of the gospel, there seems no good reason to doubt its veracity. Were back to Eusebius and Papias. Purpose. (This was the one who had leaned back against Jesus at the supper and had said, Lord, who is going to betray you?) When Peter saw him, he asked, Lord, what about him?, Jesus answered, If I want him to remain alive until I return, what is that to you? 1. This seems to be the point of the ancient titles, which appear in our manuscripts either as The Gospel according to Mark or simply, According to Mark. In Luke 14:14, Jesus heals a man with dropsy: One Sabbath, when Jesus went to eat in the house of a prominent Pharisee, he was being carefully watched. In this post from Mark L. Strauss, adapted fromMark in the Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament,we'll take a look at how the church has thought about Markan authorship; who Mark really was; and whether he wrote the book that bears his name. If you have any questions, please review our. For a long time, it was thought that Mark was writing for an audience in Rome. As for the differences in theology, most scholars would argue that the difference is actually the theological emphasis, not the theology itself, which can be attributed to each books unique purpose. The traditional position has been that the balance of evidence indicates that Mark was writing for an audience that, at the very least, consisted largely of non-Jews. Papias mentions John the apostle and John the Elder, both of which could refer to John the apostle. Gold and silver are mentioned 28 times in the Gospel of Matthew, but theyre only mentioned once in Mark and four times in Luke. James, leader of the church in Jerusalem, had already been killed in 62. If the Gospel of Matthew was written by a tax collector, the gospel couldnt have such intimate knowledge of the Lawbecause tax collectors were religious outsiders. Furthermore, if this Rufus is the same one mentioned in Rom 16:13, we have incidental confirmation of a Roman provenance. [10] It is usually dated through the eschatological discourse in Mark 13, which scholars interpret as pointing to the First JewishRoman War (6674 AD)a war that lead to the destruction of the Second Temple in AD 70. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. [55] In the New Testament writings it is frequently conveyed through the titles applied to Jesus. The most apparent difference in the portrayal of Paul is his treatment of Judaizers. You may unsubscribe from these email communications at any time. [29], There is no agreement on the structure of Mark. eccl. When Barnabas wants to bring John Mark with them, Paul cautions against it, citing his desertion in Pamphylia. . Humble might be a more appropriate term for the authors choice here, but it could be argued that if someone else wrote it, they wouldnt soften the language. For Instructors and School Administrators. Even a Jewish work like the Letter of Aristeas (305) uses language similar to Mark: Following the custom of all the Jews, they washed their hands in the sea in the course of their prayers to God (see further comments on 7:3). 3. Although this is the last we learn of Mark in Acts, the later Pauline letters suggest that the two eventually reconciled. Learn Religions. Since John Mark was a relatively obscure figure, it seems unlikely that a gospel would have been attributed to him if he had not in fact written it. [64] The most important occurrences are in the context of Jesus' death and suffering, suggesting that, for Mark, Jesus can only be fully understood in that context. [71], All four gospels tell a story in which Jesus' death and resurrection are the crucial redemptive events. This argument rests upon two basic points: the use of Greek and the explanation of Jewish customs. Supporters of early dating also need to make sufficient room between Mark and the writing of Matthew and Luke, both of which they also date early as early as 80 or 85 CE. Customs that at that time were unique to Jews are explained (hand, produce, and utensil washing): Mark 7:34. "Audience of Mark's Gospel." However, even after examining textual evidence and clues from other writings, none of the evidence for or against these authors is 100% conclusive. In his Gospel, Mark says: A young man, wearing nothing but a linen garment, was following Jesus. Pilate's position (Governor) is not specified. Bible Answer: This is an issue for non-Christians and some Christians. In order to refute centuries of church tradition, wed need a lot more evidence suggesting Matthew was not the author. Matthew was a disciple of Jesus as was John - they were both eyewitnesses. "; Matthew, the next gospel to be written, repeats this word for word but manages to make clear that Jesus's death is the beginning of the resurrection of Israel; Luke has a still more positive picture, replacing Mark's (and Matthew's) cry of despair with one of submission to God's will ("Father, into your hands I commend my spirit"); while John, the last gospel, has Jesus dying without apparent suffering in fulfillment of the divine plan. The text seems to point to John, too. To those under the law I became like one under the law (though I myself am not under the law), so as to win those under the law. 1 Corinthians 9:20. [21], Up until the 19th century the gospel of Mark was traditionally placed second, and sometimes fourth, in the Christian canon, as an abridgement of Matthew; the Church has consequently derived its view of Jesus primarily from Matthew, secondarily from John, and only distantly from Mark. [15][16], The consensus among modern scholars is that the gospels are a subset of the ancient genre of bios, or ancient biography. (2) The large number of Latinisms would also fit a Roman provenance (place of origin). . [74] When the gospels call Jesus "Son of God" the intention is to place him in the class of Hellenistic and Greek divine men, the "sons of God" who were endowed with supernatural power to perform healings, exorcisms and other wonderful deeds. [54], Christology means a doctrine or understanding concerning the person or nature of Christ. One chapter later, Barnabas (Marks cousin) and Saul set out on their first missionary journey, bringing a man named Johnwho the Bible later identifies as John, also called Markas an assistant (Acts 13:5). You must follow me. Because of this, the rumor spread among the believers that this disciple would not die. Luke and John come closest: Luke with its first person introductory prologue in Luke 1:14, and John with its comments about "the disciple whom Jesus loved" (21:24; 21:20). Marks audience probably consisted of at least some Gentile converts to Christianity, but the bulk of them were more likely Jewish Christians who didnt need to be educated in depth about Judaism. All three synoptic gospels record an account of Jesus calling a tax collector to discipleship, but interestingly, while the book of Matthew calls him Matthew, Mark and Luke both identify this man as Levi.
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