Religions 9:art no. (2020) Pathways from environmental ethics to pro-environmental behaviours? The 'Ethical' COVID-19 Vaccine is the One that Preserves Lives Note that the Bahai Faith and Ethnic denominations had no significant effects in the 23 religions and denominations context, possibly due to their relative ranking within the 14 vs. 23 religions and denominations contexts. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Note that the ranking of the regressions for global and local sustainability in terms of overall fit goodness (i.e., 2 or F) is WM>OF>EF>EC. Table 8 presents the probability that each single hypothesis in Table 3 is significantly supported (i.e., at 90%). To do so, I will link the REL to the characteristics of majority and minority religions (Zagonari, 2020a), and I will consider SEC in terms of reciprocity and concerns for current and future environments (Zagonari, 2019a). . This is the case when a sufficiently large proportion of religious people adopt pro-environmental behaviors (i.e., a>a2 in Fig. The following remarks can be obtained if we separately examine individual REL with respect to the four contexts considered in Tables 4 to 7: Only Confucianism and Sikhism (both in contexts with 14 and 23 religions and denominations) affect the many aspects of pro-environmental behaviors required to achieve global sustainability based on the ecological footprint. This topic requires you to be able to evaluate: Christian views verses secular views on sexual ethics. (2017) Are we making decisions in a sustainable way? Finally, the basin of attraction for the pro-environmental behavior is given by a such that UE>UA: Thus, if T>S (i.e., a society is environmentally unsustainable), the basin of attraction is decreasing in P (a2/P=(ST)/a22) and increasing in R (a2/R=(TS)/a22), whereas if R>P (i.e., environmental sustainability is perceived by everybody to be better than environmental unsustainability), the basin is increasing in S (a2/S=(RP)/a22) and decreasing in T (a2/T=(PR)/a22). Abstract. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Solving environmental sustainability as a practical problem entails an empirical approach. The regressions used an original panel dataset that comprised 23 religions and denominations (Bahais, Buddhists (Lamaists, Mahayanists, Theravadins), Christians (Catholics, Independents, Orthodox, Protestants), Confucianists, Daoists, Ethnic religionists, Hindus (Saktists, Shaivites, Vaishnavites), Jains, Jews, Muslims (Schismatics, Shias, Sunnis), Shintoists, Sikhs, Spiritists, Zoroastrians) and 3 secular ethics related to the reliability of REL and SEC to achieve global and local sustainability in 181 and 183 countries, respectively. For example, Bolis et al. Religious ethics (e.g., Imanaka, 2018; Schmidt, 2019; Christie et al., 2020) have a different focus in each religion. no 193, Yang Y, Huang S (2018) Religious beliefs and environmental behaviours in China. However, eudemonic virtue ethics (e.g., Hill, 1983) is closer to a teleological approach (i.e., it is included in Table S1), whereas non-eudemonic virtue ethics (e.g., Sandler, 2007) is closer to a deontological approach (i.e., it is included in Table S2). Thus, it is not possible to compare my results with previous results and look for confirmation or contradiction of my research in previous research. It is concluded that having a universal declaration of biomedical ethics in practice is not possible, although there are many conceptual similarities and agreements between secular and Islamic value systems, unless a radical paradigm shift occurs in segments of the world's deliberative bodies. There are those who argue that any attempt to arrive at a philosophical ethics or a basis for morality that is independent of religion is bound to failure. This seems to be consistent with the stated life purposes of Confucians (i.e., contemplate the order of creation and its extension to family and society to form a harmonious and trusting community) and of Sikhs (i.e., to be in harmony with the Earth and all Gods creation). Consequently, it is possible to compare the average frequencies by relying on a proxy standardized normal distribution. And after his dramatic resignation, Lord Goldsmith has spoken out . This figure represents a short-run scenario based on religious ethics (i.e., smaller T and larger S); a(t)=0 identifies a1, a2 is identified by the intersection of the increasing dynamics of a(t) and the axis a(t), a(t)=1 identifies a3. This is so because it is not so absolutist and considers consequences. ISSN 2662-9992 (online), Religious and secular ethics offer complementary strategies to achieve environmental sustainability, humanities and social sciences communications, $$U_{\mathrm{E}} = \left( {1 - a} \right)R + a\,S\,{\mathrm{and}}\,U_{\mathrm{A}} = \,\left( {1 - a} \right)\,P + a\,T$$, $$\overline U = a\,U_{\mathrm{E}} + \left( {1 - {\mathrm{a}}} \right)U_{\mathrm{A}}$$, $$\frac{{\partial a\left( t \right)}}{{\partial t}} = a\left( {U_{\mathrm{E}} - \overline U } \right) = a\left( {1 - a} \right)\left[ {\left( {\,R - P} \right)\left( {1 - a} \right) + a\left( {S - T} \right)} \right]$$, $$a_2 = \frac{{P - R}}{{P - R + S - T}}\, <\, 1$$, $${c}_1:{P} - {R}\, >\, {T} - {S}\;{{\mathrm{and}}}\;\,{T}\, < \,{S}$$, $${c}_2:{P} - {R} \,<\, {T} - {S}\;{\mathrm{and}}\;{T} \,>\, {S}$$, $$\frac{{\partial \left[ {\frac{{\partial a\left( t \right)}}{{\partial t}}} \right]}}{{\partial a\left( t \right)}}\left( {a_1} \right) = R - P$$, $$\frac{{\partial \left[ {\frac{{\partial a\left( t \right)}}{{\partial t}}} \right]}}{{\partial a\left( t \right)}}\left( {a_2} \right) = \frac{{\left( {P - R} \right)\left( {S - T} \right)}}{{P - R + S - T}}$$, $$\frac{{\partial \left[ {\partial a\left( t \right)/\partial t} \right]}}{{\partial a(t)}}\left( {a_3} \right) = T - S$$, $${a} \,>\, \frac{{{P} - {R}}}{{{P} - {R} + {S} - {T}}}\;{\mathrm{if}}\;{P} - {R} \,>\, {T} - {S}$$, $${a}\, < \,\frac{{{P} - {R}}}{{{P} - {R} + {S} - {T}}}\;{{\mathrm{if}}}\;{P} - {R}\, < \,{T} - {S}$$, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00802-0, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2020.1799868, https://doi.org/10.6092/unibo/amsacta/6214, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Moreover, I will speak of reliability, which I define as REL and SEC showing statistically significant beneficial impacts at a 90% probability level. Analytical results (feasibility) showed that REL are overall more feasible than SEC and, specifically, REL are more likely to affect the many pro-environmental behaviors required to achieve global sustainability, whereas SEC to affect some pro-environmental behaviors required to achieve local sustainability; REL are more likely to affect pro-environmental behaviors based on individual feelings and social pressures from small communities, whereas SEC to affect pro-environmental behaviors based on social pressures from large communities; REL are more likely to solve collective-action problems to achieve short-run sustainability, whereas SEC to solve collective-action problems to achieve long-run sustainability. In contrast, SEC is more likely to affect some pro-environmental behaviors by increasing R and decreasing P, which are important to achieve local sustainability. The literature on solving environmental collective-action problems by relying on ethics is still in its infancy. NatPalgrave Commun 6:art. A case study from Turkey. Second, some religious precepts shared by secular principles could be implemented by non-religious people who see them as secular principles. J Stud Relig Ideol 19:8195, Imanaka JL (2018) Laudato Si, technologies of power and environmental justice; toward an eco-politics guided by contemplation. For both majority and minority religions, I referred to www.worldreligions.org. Secular humanism is a philosophy, belief system or life stance that embraces human reason, secular ethics, and philosophical naturalism while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, and superstition as the basis of morality and decision making. 7. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications However, an underestimation of the same relationships could result from two factors. Zagonari, F. Religious and secular ethics offer complementary strategies to achieve environmental sustainability. Does Ethics Require Religion? | Greater Good How Do Christian Ethics Differ From Secular Ethics? - Reference.com and JavaScript. Fabio Zagonari. By buttressing their rival positions, secular ethicists and religious thinkers alike have deprived students - who should be the focus - of the best possible education. PubMedGoogle Scholar. In the first sub-section of Methods, I combined the main determinants of pro-environmental behaviors at the household level (i.e., individual feelings (IND) and social pressures (SOC)) in a dynamic model by presenting three main insights about the expected impacts of REL and SEC (i.e., global vs. local sustainability; individual feelings vs. social pressures; short-run vs. long-run). In these cases, for WM, I first referred to the EU data, then to the OECD data, and finally to the World Bank data. Finally, for SEC, an increase in cur and fut represent an increase in R and a decrease in P, respectively, whereas an increase in ine represents an increase in T and a decrease in S. In contrast, for REL, beneficial impacts on global and local sustainability from religions and denominations are depicted by significant negative coefficients for EF and significant positive coefficients for WM, OF, and EC, respectively, without linkages to specific parameters (i.e., majority and minority religions are assumed to affect both individual and social determinants of pro-environmental behavior). Tables 4 to 7 summarize the results, and Supplementary Materials II provides details. Secular attitudes and behaviors are examined in domains such as honesty, criminality, substance use, sexuality, prosociality, aggression, prejudice, helping, and altruism. (2017) Religion role on community movement for solid waste management. 8999, Grey CTS (2020) The only creature God willed for its own sake: anthropocentrism in Laudato Si and Gaudium et Spes. In particular, the focus on ethical improvements over time requires a dynamic framework to characterize interactions among individual behaviors. Secular Morality and Ethics - Oxford Academic On this basis, I will assume that the condition c2 prevails initially. Environ Ethics 40:520, Lowe BS (2019) Ethics in the Anthropocene: moral responses to the climate crisis. Ethics, Secular and Religious: An Evolved-Cognitive Analysis In contrast, secularization (i.e., a reduction of religious ethics and institutions and an increase in secular ethics and institutions) does not affect these empirically estimated relationships, since they measure, for each year, the extent to which religious and secular ethics affect pro-environmental behaviors. Politics latest: 'Late' NHS plan 'like pulling emergency ripcord Philos Stud 176:11711724, Campos C (2020) Laudato Si: an Indian perspective Theol Stud 79:213225, Christie I et al. The teleological approach suggests that people behave ethically when the subjective expected utility is positive, whether consciously or unconsciously (Hirsh et al., 2018). Note that the use of data at a country level rather than at a household level can avoid the gap between belief and action that results from a reliance on self-reported values and behaviors; it also elicits persistent rather than situational influences on behavior and avoids the gap between reality and simulation that results from contexts that differ from daily life (Zagonari, 2020a). The number of secular ethics (i.e., 3 in all contexts) is small. Introduction. This seems to be consistent with the absence of mandatory vegetarianism in most traditions of Buddhism and Hinduism. PDF Guide to Ethics & Morality - On the Wing This figure represents a long-run scenario based on secular ethics (i.e., larger R and smaller P); a(t)=0 identifies a1, a2 is identified by the intersection of the decreasing dynamics of a(t) and the axis a(t), a(t)=1 identifies a3. Secularism is the principle of seeking to conduct human affairs based on naturalistic considerations, uninvolved with religion . This is so because with secular ethics there is no fundamental motive to be Good. In particular, I empirically tested 12 hypotheses related to the following three theoretical insights: REL is more likely to affect the many pro-environmental behaviors required to achieve global sustainability, whereas SEC is more likely to affect some pro-environmental behaviors to achieve local sustainability. J Agric Environ Ethics 32:479485, McAndrew S, Richards L (2020) Religiosity, secular participation, and cultural socialization: a case study of the 1933-1942 English urban cohort. This can potentially be achieved using empirical models that predict the consequences of applying these ethical concepts and incentives. J Agric Environ Ethics 31:677701, Intahphuak S et al. In contrast, SEC is more likely to affect pro-environmental behaviors by relying on secular principles and social enforcements from the whole society. We are all condemned to be moral agents. These problems represent situations in which an individuals action (e.g., conserving energy, recycling wastes, purchasing organic food) leads to a clearly better collective status but has such a low potential benefit that its consciously or unconsciously expected utility cannot explain any obligation to perform this action (Talbot, 2018). Note that in that study, SEC principles were measured in terms of inequality and based on percentages of GDP spent on environmental conservation and green R&D. If this question is one on matter of fact, then the answer is a resounding "yes". But as secular humanists, we don't need to consult ancient scriptures or supernatural deities to know that drinking and driving is immoral; it is immoral because it greatly increases the chances . (2017) on Buddhist monks effects on recycled garbage in Thailand; outreach groups; Lakhan (2018) on Christian leaders impacts on recycling behaviors in Canada; religious communities; Gutsche (2019) on the effects of Catholic and Protestant religiosity on environmental consumptions in Germany; charitable agencies; Fang et al. They believe that the reduced numbers attending church . 2 Personal Responsibility. Philos Stud 175:22392261, Whiting K et al. Note that environmental education and informational campaigns could increase R and decrease P, by enlarging the proportion of non-religious people adopting pro-environmental behaviors. J Sci Stud Relig 59:247268, Meinertsen BR (2017) Towards gratitude to nature: global environmental ethics for China and the world. A structural equation modeling study. For OF, I first referred to the EU data, then to the OECD data, and finally to the FAO data. Hypothesis 3 was supported in 2 of 4 cases, although 3a had the opposite (non-significant) sign and 3d was (slightly) not significant (1.11<1.64). One of the primary concerns is data privacy and cybersecurity. Hypothesis 2 was supported in 3 of 4 cases, although 2a had the opposite (non-significant) sign. In the second sub-section of Methods, I described a dataset at a national level that could be used to measure those determinants by requiring the use of the same set of independent variables to explain the levels and changes of each dependent variable. The debate between private (liberalism) and public (conservative authoritarianism). Moreover, the use of panel data let me test for endogeneity issues (i.e., the direction of influences can be predicted) and test for spurious correlations (i.e., historical, geo-political or geographical factors can be eliminated). In particular, religious ethics are more effective in affecting levels of pro-environmental behaviors, whereas secular ethics are more effective in affecting changes of pro-environmental behaviors. Finally, it complements the work by Zagonari (2019a) by considering both REL and SEC principles and by considering both global and local sustainability in the short- and long-run. Summary. Rev Relig Res 58:101124, Purnomo AB (2020) A model of interreligious eco-theological leadership to care for the Earth in the Indonesian context. REL is more likely to promptly solve the collective-action problems in small communities in the short-run, whereas SEC is more likely to stably increase pro-environmental behaviors in the whole society in the long-run. The purpose of the present study was to obtain theoretical insights into the feasibility of REL and SEC ethics to achieve environmental sustainability. For example, Buddhism focuses on maintaining equilibrium, Christianity on love of neighbors, Hinduism on equal dignity of humans and non-humans, Islam on trusteeship and parsimony, and Judaism on stewardship (Zagonari, 2020b). This seems to be consistent with it being the only Hindu tradition that believes in the immanence of God (i.e., the only way to ensure an intrinsic value to nature). Moreover, only Catholics for the yearly change in household waste management and Protestants for household waste management had significant effects for both individual feelings and social pressures. The determinants of organic food purchases suggest a need for the following data at a national level: income and concern for the environment. Secularization is a cultural transition in which religious values are gradually replaced with nonreligious values. The present study is the first attempt to compare religious and secular ethics as feasible and reliable strategies to achieve global and local environmental sustainability in the short- and long-run, by combining analytical and statistical results within a single dynamic framework based on individual and social determinants of pro-environmental behaviors. Morality as Secular - Queensborough Community College Religious and secular ethics offer complementary strategies to - Nature Secularism. Note that the actions described in Table 2 (i.e., pro-environmental and anti-environmental behaviors), regardless of the rewards, represent a deontological approach for both religious and secular ethics (i.e., actions are not chosen because of consequences, but because of individual ethical principles that can have a religious or a secular source). Moral refers to what societies sanction as right and acceptable. Finally, religions and denominations are more significant in fostering pro-environmental behaviors if both social pressures and individual feelings are involved (i.e., household waste management) than if only individual feelings are relevant (i.e., organic food purchases), and religions and denominations that are significant for the latter are also significant for the former pro-environmental behaviors (i.e., Bahai Faith and Ethnic denominations in organic food purchases are also significant in household waste management). Cult Relig 23:132, Lakhan C (2018) The garbage gospel: using the theory of planned behavior to explain the role of religious institutions in affecting pro-environmental behavior among ethnic minorities. This is not to say, however, that certain values or ethics might . Can You Be Secular and Still Love Jesus? | Psychology Today Ethics Environ 22:5978, Sorkun MF (2018) How do social norms influence recycling behavior in a collectivistic society? Forms of Virtue Ethics 2.1 Eudaimonist Virtue Ethics 2.2 Agent-Based and Exemplarist Virtue Ethics 2.3 Target-Centered Virtue Ethics 2.4 Platonistic Virtue Ethics 3. Insight 3: REL in all communities, regardless of their size is more likely to decrease T and increase S (i.e., THinsha (recommended)>Hinsak (optional). Note that data on religions and denominations can be affected by the bias imposed by a specific denomination; that is, some individuals are affiliated with a specific denomination of a given religion, even though they are characterized by a low level of religiosity in terms of their beliefs, participation, and behavior (Suh and Russel, 2015). Moreover, additional insights can be obtained from coefficients with the expected signs, but statistically significant at <70%. Secular humanism - Wikipedia Across these domains, a trend in secular morality is seen emphasizing individualism over group-binding. In this table, the couples can be defined in terms of game theory: reward (R), in which individuals cooperate to achieve a greater reward at the cost of some mutual sacrifice; temptation (T), in which one individual makes a selfish choice to improve their reward; sucker (S), in which an individual who chooses a pro-social response suffers for that choice; and punishment (P), in which both individuals suffer from their selfish choices. India has been declared a secu. Christians popularly, and incorrectly, like to say that things, habits, practices, and activities that have nothing to do with spirituality or Christianity are "secular." Our classification of . MathSciNet Zagonari (2020c, 2019a) summarizes the dependent and independent variables for data from 1995 to 2017 that reflect local environmental behaviors (i.e., WM, OF, and EC) and global environmental behavior (i.e., EF), with the main descriptive statistics obtained for a sample of 181 and 183 countries for local sustainability (LOC) and global sustainability (GLO), respectively (i.e., the main nations in the World Development Indicators database). For example, Zagonari (2020a) found that the worlds five main majority religions can have beneficial impacts on the feasibility and reliability of efforts to achieve global sustainability. This may be important where pro-environmental behaviors for secular ethics (i.e., cur, fut, ine) are measured at national level by including both religious and non-religious individuals. In particular, the translation of the theoretical framework at an individual level (based on individual feelings and social pressures as determinants for both REL and SEC) into an empirical framework at a national level (based on cur and fut for individual feelings in SEC, ine for social pressures from the whole society in SEC, with REL having intermediate values, representing both individual feelings and social pressures from small communities for minority religions and social pressures from large communities for majority religions) leads to the following conjectures: Minority religions are more likely to be relevant if the focus is on individual feelings whereas majority religions are more likely to be relevant if the focus is on social pressures.
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