when was coffee invented in islam

The race among Europeans to obtain live coffee trees or beans was eventually won by the Dutch in 1616. Muslims are not prohibited from drinking coffee. It was still associated with Sufis, and a cluster of coffee houses grew up in Cairo around the religious university of the Azhar. Though halal could be referred to numerous things, it is commonly related to food and drinks that are permissible to consume. Almost 80% of the country's coffee production is exported. Our doors are reopening in Fall 2023! Islam forbids drinking wine, and most of the knowledge we have about coffee's origins is preserved in theological debates about whether or not coffee was lawful for Muslims. Think of the origins of . ", "Countries Compared by Lifestyle Food and drink > Coffee > Consumption. Composer Johann Sebastian Bach, who was cantor of St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, in 172350, conducted a musical ensemble at the local Caf Zimmermann. The beans that van der Broecke acquired from Mocha forty years earlier adjusted well to conditions in the greenhouses at the Amsterdam Botanical Garden and produced numerous healthy Coffea arabica bushes. Thirty-seven coffeehouses in London alone adopted the name Turks head [Brian Cowan, 2005]. By the 17th century the English East India Company and the Dutch East India Company had infiltrated this trade, hitherto operated by the Arab, Cairenes, and Turkish merchants. [38] Englishmen passing through Safavid and the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century noted that coffee was "very good to help digestion, to quicken the spirits, and to cleanse the blood.[39], The vibrant trade between the Republic of Venice and the people of North Africa, Egypt, and the East brought a large variety of African goods, including coffee, to this leading European port. On his return to that city in 1657, Thevenot gave some of the beans to his friends, one of whom was de la Croix. His reform aimed at rediscovering the original values of poverty and simplicity that inspired Saint Francis back in the 13th century. Coffee was first cultivated in Ethiopia, then later introduced to other countries. It is also grown in Southeast Asia where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century. By the mid 17th century, it had reached India and the East Indies. [90] Clieux nurtured the plants on his arrival in the West Indies, and established them in Guadeloupe and Saint-Domingue in addition to Martinique, where a blight had struck the cacao plantations, which were replaced by coffee plantations in a space of three years, is attributed to France through its colonization of many parts of the continent starting with the Martinique and the colonies of the West Indies where the first French coffee plantations were founded. Join journalist and lecturer . By 1788, Saint-Domingue supplied half the world's coffee. Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world, it is also one of the most popular drinks in the Muslim world. It was not yet purposely and actively cultivated, but rather simply picked and enjoyed as a kind of gift from nature, as explained by Steven Topik in this paper.A whole storytelling tradition claims that the first cup of coffee was actually brewed by indigenous pre-Christian priests in charge of leading these gatherings, or by wandering Ethiopian shepherds. In Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, edited by Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krmer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Everett Rowson. London CNN . [37], The first mention of coffee in a European text is in Charles de l'Ecluse's Aromatum et simplicium aliquot medica-mentorum apud Indos nascientum historia from 1575. McCreery, David. While only 245,000 kilograms were freighted by the Railway, this amount jumped to 2,240,000 kilograms by 1922, surpassed exports of "Harari" coffee by 1925, and reached 9,260,000 kilograms in 1936. 28 Jan 2008 Arab, science and innovation thrived between AD 650 and 1258 Muslims have invented everything from surgical instruments to the camera, according to an exhibition currently touring the. Sufi saints and merchants spread the practice of coffee-drinking to the geographically diverse but intellectually and linguistically linked Islamic Turkish Ottoman, Iranian Safavid, and South Asia Mughal empires that reigned from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Some scholars opined that the coffee house was "even worse than the wine room", and the authorities noted how these places could easily become dens of sedition. In Mecca, Cairo and Istanbul attempts were made to ban it by religious authorities. [17] In Cairo a similar ban was instituted in 1532, and the coffeehouses and warehouses containing coffee beans were sacked. Total Production of Exporting Countries: Crop Years 2000/01 to 2005/06. For the period that this plan was followed the value of coffee doubled, which greatly benefited coffee producers and the Latin American countries. John McHugo is author of A Concise History of The Arabs. Karim Benzema's partner Jordan Ozuna has announced her conversion to Islam. For instance, the anonymous 1674 "Women's Petition Against Coffee" declared: the Excessive Use of that Newfangled, Abominable, Heathenish Liquor called COFFEE hasEunucht our Husbands, and Crippled our more kind Gallants, that they are become as Impotent, as Age.[51]. [1] Coffee was first exported out of Ethiopia to Yemen by Somali merchants from Berbera and Zeila, which was procured from Harar and the Abyssinian interior. Circa 1727, the King of Portugal sent Francisco de Melo Palheta to French Guiana to obtain coffee seeds to become a part of the coffee market. which can cleanse the English-man's Stomak of Flegm, and expel Giddinesse out of his Head. After drinking the liquid, Omar was revived and survived for days. Upon tasting coffee, Pope Clement VIII declared: "Why, this Satan's drink is so delicious that it would be a pity to let the infidels have exclusive use of it. Seventeen years later, in 1616, English Reverend Edward Terry, writing about his time in Mughal South Asia, exhibited similar curiosity about and unfamiliarity with coffee. But there are other coffee drinking traditions in the Arab world. [29] Such a concoction would be used as a basis and altered over time. [28] Despite the attempt to bar people from drinking coffee, the fatwa ultimately failed as coffee did not compare to the effects of alcohol. From there, coffee growing spread to other parts of Batangas like Ibaan, Lemery, San Jose, Taal, and Tanauan. And the Central Highlands became the largest coffee growing area in the country, famous in the world, especially coffee "Buon Me Thuoc". Life without it, in one form or another, now seems unimaginable. [96], Australia is a minor coffee producer, with little product for export, but its coffee history goes back to 1880 when the first of 500 acres (2.0km2) began to be developed in an area between northern New South Wales and Cooktown. [1], Another account involves the 13th century Moroccan Sufi mystic Ghothul Akbar Nooruddin Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili. They also asserted the difference in the physiological effects of coffee in promoting wakefulness in contrast to the drowsiness induced by drugs and alcohol. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24410. Starving, Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery, but found them to be too bitter. Learnt intresting (unknown) facts about coffee through this well written(thoroughly researched) article.. By 1414, it was known in Mecca and in the early 1500s was spreading to Egypt from the Yemeni port of Mocha. 1. bask. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses throughout England, but there were many disruptions in the progressive movement of coffeehouses between the 1660s and 1670s. Both the English and Dutch East India Companies were major purchasers at Mocha in the early 17th Century, and their cargoes were brought home via the Cape of Good Hope or exported to India and beyond. News History of coffee linked to Islam By Redlands Daily Facts | redlands@dfmdev.com | April 24, 2013 at 12:00 a.m. As many Americans sit in the morning with coffee, watching or reading the. International Statistics at NationMaster.com", "How Turks and Persians Drank Coffee: A Little-known Document of Social History by Father J. T. Krusiski", 1914-1918-online. In Germany, coffeehouses were first established in North Sea ports, including Wuppertal-Ronsdorf (1673) and Hamburg (1677). Indian coffee is said to be the finest coffee grown in the shade rather than direct sunlight anywhere in the world. Notice the elite men seated under a cloistered platform with the coffee server on their right. Initially, this new beverage was written in the English form coffee, but during the 1700s the Germans gradually adopted the French word caf, then slowly changed the spelling to Kaffee, which is the present word. One of the earliest cultivations of coffee in the New World was when Gabriel de Clieu brought coffee seedlings to Martinique in 1720. [25] Coffee became an ingrained piece of Islamic culture for the centuries to come. Within the Ottoman Empire, shops known as tamskhne in Ottoman Turkish were used to create coffee using the traditional method of roasting and crushing coffee beans in mortars. Finally, coffee grows in the Central Highlands, and it is recognized that the Central Highlands is a good place to grow coffee. He notes that coffee first made its way from East Africa to the Arabian Peninsula in the 15th century, at a time when the Islamic world was more advanced in the sciences than Europe. It is one of the quintessential hospitality drinks. However, all attempts at banning coffee failed, even though the death penalty was used during the reign of Murad IV (1623-40). Renowned and eminent physicians often recommended coffee for medicinal purposes and some prescribed it as a cure for nervous disorders. [] Before diving into the history of the instant coffee plant, it is critical to probe the longer history of traditional coffee plants. Qishr or cascara in Spanish is sold by coffee farmers even today. [citation needed]. Excellent Berry! Thanks to their partnership in our mission, we reachmore than 20 million unique users per month! They became a focus for intellectual life and could be seen as an implicit rival to the mosque as a meeting place. "Fairtrade is not fair," YouTube Video, 09:33, Why Fair Trade is Bad on December 1, 2009, posted by "Peter Griffiths," October 5, 2017. As such, it has played a significant role throughout its (relatively recent) history, brewed and enjoyed in aristocratic and working-class circles alike. The 16th-century orthodox clerics, wary of this new commoditys potentially narcotic and intoxicating properties, equated coffee with hashish (cannabis) and alcohol. Some date the Neapolitan discovery of coffee back to 1614, when the composer, explorer and musicologist Pietro Della Valle sent news from the Holy Land, in his letters to the dear friend, physician, poet, Greek scholar and Mario Schipano and his gathering of intellectuals, of a drink (called kahve)[57] the Arab Muslims brewed in hot pots. Dive deep into the worlds largest Shakespeare collection and access primary sources from the early modern period. The will of the people prevailed and, from the 16th to the 18th century, coffeehouses proliferated in Istanbuls Tahtakale district by the Grand Bazaar, around Isfahans Maydan public plaza and its Chahar Bagh, and along Delhis Chandni Chowk. It is no wonder, then, that coffee was exclusively associated with Islam in Christian Europe. Early Caliphates 7th century An illustrated headpiece from a mid-18th-century collection of ghazals and rubyt, from the University of Pennsylvania library's Lawrence J. Schoenberg Collection [6] Ghazal: A form of Islamic poetry that originated from the Arabian Peninsula in the late 7th century. In the 18th century the popularity of coffee gradually spread around the German lands and was taken up by the ruling classes. Later. However, a policy of maintaining high prices soon opened opportunities to other nations, such as Venezuela, Colombia,[92] Guatemala, Nicaragua, Indonesia and Vietnam, now second only to Brazil as the major coffee producer in the world. Clement VIII's papacy began in 1592. Coffee is cultivated in Chikmagalur district in an area of around 85,465 hectares with Arabica being the dominant variety grown in upper hills and Robusta being the major variety in the low-level hills. Indeed, various legends ascribed coffee's origins to Muhammad, who, through the archangel Gabriel, brought it to man to replace the wine which Islam forbade. [66] While racist assaults on coffee no longer persist, the Islamic past of this dark brown beverage has been completely whitewashed. [28] This most likely contributed to the disdain of coffee because its similar style of consumption once again related it and compared it to alcohol. In 18th-century Mughal Delhi, Arab ki sarai, an inn run by Arab traders, was famous for preparing sticky, sweet coffee. [47] During the enlightenment, these early English coffee houses became gathering places used for deep religious and political discussions among the populace, since it was a rare opportunity for sober discussion. The coffee industry never fully recovered there. Unlike in the formal setting of mosque prayer congregations, caffeine-stimulated talk flowing through a cross section of people in coffeehouses afforded articulation of discontent and dissent against various state policies. Saint Drogo, a 12th century French saint, is the patron saint of baristas. (Oh! [2] History Collection of Ottoman era Turkish coffee zarfs, c. 18th or 19th century Because of favorable market conditions, many farmers went back to growing coffee in the 1960s. The introduction of freeze-dried instant coffee, canned coffee, and franchises such as Starbucks and Doutor Coffee in the late 20th century continued this trend, to the point that Japan is now one of the leading per capita coffee consumers in the world. Sheikh Mohammed Al-Issa made history in 2020 when he led a senior Islamic visit to the Auschwitz-Birkenau Nazi death camps. Coffee and Coffeehouses, Ottoman. However, the dreadful conditions that the slaves worked in on coffee plantations were a factor in the soon-to-follow Haitian Revolution. Not allowed to drink alcohol and oftentimes short on clean, potable water, the boiled beverage was just perfect not to mention it would also help its consumers go through the strict Ramadan fast. Also, the German traveler Gustav Sommerfeldt in 1663 wrote Wherever coffee went, controversy followed. One of those folk tales claims that the archangel recommended coffee as a cure for a plague that was decimating a Yemeni village which makes a lot of sense. Approximately one third of the coffee produced in the world is Robusta. Recipes Before Farm to Table Food and drink Before there were Starbucks and the quirky coffeeshops masquerading as cozy work corners for many of us, there was the mid-17 th century coffeeshop boom in England. These beans later sprouted 18,680 coffee trees which enabled its spread to other Caribbean islands such as Saint-Domingue and also to Mexico. Capuchins chose an unpretentious brown hooded robe and a white cord belt as their dress. Historically, coffee as a hot beverage was introduced to the world by the Sufi saints in 15th-century Yemen. Since this story is not known to have appeared in writing before Rome-based Maronite Faustus Nairon's De Saluberrima potione Cahue seu Cafe nuncupata Discurscus in 1671, 800 years after it was supposed to have taken place, it is highly likely to be apocryphal. He was responsible for setting up an alliance of Christian European powers that was to participate in the war against the Ottoman Empire. [31], Another possible appearance of coffee was described in Homer's Odyssey. 166, 1838-1872, The 19th-century orientalist Antoine Isaac, Al-Jaziri's manuscript work is of considerable interest with regard to the history of coffee in Europe as well. The pics depicting coffee procession , coffe cart nd royals enjoying cofee is quite intresting.. Hi Morteza, (Olaylar-belgeler-anlar; 8). [4] The word qahwah most likely meant 'the dark one', referring to the brew or the bean; qahwah is not the name of the bean, which are known in Arabic as bunn and in Cushitic languages as bn. How is Coffee Related to Islam? It is thought that an Ottoman merchant brought the bean-based beverage to London in the 17th century. ", lists some of these perceived benefits: 'Tis extolled for drying up the Crudities of the Stomack, and for expelling Fumes out of the Head. At least, until Pope Clement VIII decided to give it a try. Domenico Magri mentioned in his work Virtu del Kaf, "Turks, most skillful makers of this concoction." But, according to some historians, anthropologists, and food scholars, coffee has also been used in religious environments that originally had little to do with todays coffee-and-donuts parish gathering. Today world-famous personalities such as Gustav Klimt, Sigmund Freud, James Joyce and Egon Schiele were inspired in the Viennese coffee house. "[32], Coffee was originally consumed in the Islamic world and was directly related to religious practices. This has caused coffee houses to be able to use cheaper coffee beans in their coffee. Coffee had a major influence on the geography of Latin America. The 15th-century coffee trading network was based in the Red Sea region with the Yemeni port of Mocha as its focal point. The following 17th-century Ottoman painting encapsulates the thriving social life of these coffeeshops. [24] Coffeehouses in Mecca, Yemen, and Cairo began to explode in popularity, and they become centers of public life within the sprawling cities of the Islamicate Empires. Viennese cafes serve it with a glass of water, World sees hottest day since records began, Cocaine found in White House sparks evacuation, Netherlands bans mobile phones in classrooms, Ruins found of Munich synagogue destroyed by Hitler, Scottish ceremony sees King Charles tread a thin line, Westminster culture still 'predatory', say staff, Anxiety and anger over Fukushima nuclear waste plan, Fiona Phillips reveals she has Alzheimer's at 62, Indian man arrested for urinating on tribal worker. .css-tadcwa:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}Daniel Esparza - @media screen and (max-width: 767px){.css-1xovt06 .date-separator{display:none;}.css-1xovt06 .date-updated{display:block;width:100%;}}published on 11/01/21. The Arabic word marqaha describes the euphoric feeling that one experiences when drinking coffee. Restored gateway of the Arab ki Sarai, Delhi, India. [one_half_last] Regardless of whether or not the story of the shepherd ever really happened, coffee found its way from the highlands of Yemen to the rest of the Ottoman Empire, the premier Muslim empire of the 15th century. However, coffee is enjoyed in various ways around the archipelago, for example, the traditional "kopi tubruk". [74] The first record of coffee growing in India is following the introduction of coffee beans from Yemen by Baba Budan to the hills of Chikmagalur, Karnataka, in 1670. Watch to find out! The earliest mention of coffee noted by the literary coffee merchant Philippe Sylvestre Dufour[22] is a reference to bunchum in the works of the 10th century CE Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, known as Rhazes in the West,[23] but more definite information on the preparation of a beverage from the roasted coffee berries dates from several centuries later. How Senegal's president defused a political timebomb, Celebrating Pride in the midst of a culture war, Israel's Jenin operation reignites Palestinian anger. The Philippines became a member of the International Coffee Organization (ICO) in 1980. When the fatwa came into effect in 15321533, coffee and its consumption was established as haram. You are right, it is 1582. Abdul-Rehman Malik and Dr. Abbas Barzegar (LGS10) discuss the role of coffee in Islamic culture. An Analysis of Value Distribution in Fairtrade Coffee.". 2023 BBC. Most of the export is shipped through the Suez Canal. During the 1600s, the general conversation about coffee nodded to its status as the Islamic other. The first route of travel for coffee was through the massive, sprawling Ottoman Empire that allowed transportation of goods such as coffee to make their way well into Europe, and the second route of travel was from the port of Mocha in Yemen,[42] where the East India Trading Co. bought coffee in masses and transported it back to mainland Europe. That, coupled with an insect infestation, destroyed virtually all the coffee trees in Batangas. ", A History of the World in 6 Glasses, by Tom Standage: a review by, This page was last edited on 1 July 2023, at 14:37. Large-scale production in Vietnam began following normalization of trade relations with the US in 1995. Oxford's Queen's Lane Coffee House, established in 1654, is still in existence today. Then spread to the central provinces. As a result, the Guatemalan government forced indigenous people to work on the fields. Arabica is a species of coffee that is also known as the "coffee shrub of Arabia", "mountain coffee" or "arabica coffee". Many in this period believed coffee to have medicinal properties. As stories of this "miracle drug" reached Mecca, Omar was asked to return and was eventually made a saint. These doctors assumed that coffee beans have a dry and cold aspect. Commercial production effectively began in 1907 with the founding of the inland port of Gambela. As part of the courtly ritual, coffee was offered to state officials right before they were dispatched for military assignments symbolizing the alertness required for imperial service. He tried roasting the beans to improve the flavor, but they became too hard. My Covid brain jumbled up the sequence of the digits. They drank qahwa, the Arabic term for coffee, to stay awake during the night-long meditation and recitation zikr rituals (Ralph Hattox, 1985). This rationale resonated with wider sections of the empire. The history of coffee dates back to centuries of old oral tradition in modern day Jimma, Ethiopia. ", Withington, Phil. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_coffee&oldid=1162861610, 1949 Encyclopdia Britannica. During the 1600s, the general conversation about coffee nodded to its status as the Islamic other. During the 1950s, the Philippine government, with the help of the Americans, brought in a more resistant variety of coffee. Years before the English caught the scent of the Yemeni trade, Sir Antony Sherley, undertaking an unofficial trip through Safavid and Ottoman territories, became one of the earliest Englishmen to encounter coffee. Climatic and soil conditions in the Philippinesfrom the lowland to mountain regionsmake the country suitable for all four varieties. Magnifying glasses might also be an Islamic invention. A more modern beverage known as qishr in Arabic is made of recycled dried cherry skins that would have normally been discarded after being used to create the beverage buna. In fact, coffee comes from the highland areas of the countries at the southern end of the Red Sea - Yemen and Ethiopia. Deepen your understanding of his works and their cultural influence. He learnt of coffee from Alphoncius Pansius in Padua. The introduction of coffee to the Americas was effected by Captain Gabriel des Clieux, who obtained cuttings from the reluctant botanist Antoine de Jussieu, who was loath to disfigure the king's coffee tree. [61] The intake of coffee has grown since the change of government in 1989, though consumption per capita is lower than in most European countries. Historically, coffee as a hot beverage was introduced to the world by the Sufi saints in 15th-century Yemen. It had a big library and even an . This led some orthodox Muslim leaders to ban the drink, claiming its effects were too similar to those of alcohol, which the Quran forbids. Harsh conditions led to many uprisings, coups and bloody suppressions of peasants. [27] Drinking coffee in public places was also scorned. [26] While it certainly proved controversial, coffee continued to be sought out by many. [89] Clieux, when water rations dwindled during a difficult voyage, shared his portion with his precious plants and protected them from a Dutchman, perhaps an agent of the Provinces jealous of the Batavian trade. The terms coffee pot and coffee break originated in 1705 and 1952 respectively. Coffee was and is a Latin American commodity. In any case, it is clear Al-Jaziri had a rather positive view of the now omnipresent drink: where coffee is served there is grace and splendor, friendship and happiness, the historian once wrote. Entrust your prayer intentions to our network of monasteries, Saint of the Day: St. Elizabeth of Portugal. "Des Clieux's cutting was the ancestor of all the coffee trees of Martinique, the West Indies, Brazil and Colombia, and some of them went back across the Atlantic to become a source of income to the African colonies that have now gained their independence" (Toussaint-Samat 2008:531). Most coffeeover 70 percent of total productionconsumed today is arabica coffee. A century later Procope, the famous Parisian coffee house, had such habitues as Marat, Danton and Robespierre who conspired together there during the Revolution. He was certainly a man with a mind of his own, and a skilled (and daring) diplomat, ruler, and politician. The religious scholars eventually came to a sensible consensus that coffee was, in principle, permissible. [12] Coffee was also noted in Aleppo by the German physician botanist Leonhard Rauwolf, the first European to mention it, as chaube, in 1573; Rauwolf was closely followed by descriptions from other European travellers. Folger J147. While these coffees, much like the caff mocha, derive their names from their trade ports of origin, their association with European masters was undeniable. wie schmeckt der Coffee se,Lieblicher als tausend Ksse,Milder als Muskatenwein.Coffee, Coffee muss ich haben,Und wenn jemand mich will laben,Ach, so schenkt mir Coffee ein! The black-colored coffee beverage was equated with mesmerizing kohl-rimmed eyes. Coffee spread to Europe by two routes - from the Ottoman Empire, and by sea from the original coffee port of Mocha. [30] When traveling in Ethiopia, the legend goes, he observed birds of unusual vitality feeding on berries, and, upon trying the berries, experienced the same vitality. Additionally, Kaffa's goat legend suggests that both the stimulant and beverage possibilities of coffee were discovered in a single day. [1] Coffee later spread to the Levant in the early 16th century; it caused some controversy on whether it was halal in Ottoman and Mamluk society. [83], Coffee's first notable Korean enthusiasts were 19th century emperors Sunjong and Gojong, who preferred to consume it after western-style banquets. In recent years Vietnam, which only produces Robusta, has surpassed Brazil, India, and Indonesia to become the world's single largest exporter. During the 1600s, the general conversation about coffee nodded to its status as the Islamic other. In 1658 the Dutch first used them to begin coffee cultivation in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and later in southern India. Inshirah Majid July 23, 2019 0 0 The debate of halal and haram is constantly ongoing in the Islamic world. In 2011, Yemen exported a mere 2,500 tonnes although there are attempts to revive cultivation of the best coffee in its original home. Think coffee, and you probably think of an Italian espresso, a French cafe au lait, or an American double grande latte with cinnamon. He can be seen overlooking the Black Moor serving coffee. [28] Further attempts occurred during both the reigns of Sultan Selim II in 1567 as well as Sultan Murad III in 1583 whenever those of more modest means began to drink coffee which included professions ranging from craftsmen to shopkeepers to local soldiers. It dominated world production, exporting more coffee than the rest of the world combined, from 1850 to 1950. The Arab world has given birth to many thinkers and many inventions - among them the three-course meal, alcohol and coffee. [7] 8th century [87] Encouraged by their success, they soon had coffee plantations in Ceylon, Sumatra and other Sunda islands. Early practitioners of Islamic medicine and science fought against the notion that the effect of coffee was like that of hashish or alcohol, and instead argued the benefits of the drink, which would stimulate the mind while protecting against the allure of alcohol and hashish. But not everyone shared his appreciation of it. The Introduction of Coffee into Germany", "From 'Coffee Rush' to 'Devastating Emily': A History of Ceylon Coffee", "Continuation of Mrs. General Riedesel's Adventures", "How Coffee Influenced The Course of History", "American Revolution: Stars, Stripesand Beans? Austrian coffee drinking is said to have received a big boost when the Turkish siege of Vienna in 1683 was broken, and the European victors captured huge coffee supplies from the vanquished. [88] Coffee trees were soon grown under glass at the Hortus Botanicus of Leiden, whence slips were generously extended to other botanical gardens. In 1580 the Venetian botanist and physician Prospero Alpini imported coffee into the Republic of Venice from Egypt,[53] and soon coffee shops started opening one by one when coffee spread and became the drink of the intellectuals, of social gatherings, even of lovers as plates of chocolate and coffee were considered a romantic gift. Robusta is a species of coffee which has its origins in western Africa. At one point in the Epic, Helena, daughter of Zeus, mixes a drink in a bowl "which had the power of robbing grief and anger of their sting and banishing all painful memories.
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