why natural zeolites are not used in water treatment

Development of natural zeolites for their use in water-treatment 33933405, 2005. The study revealed the greater adsorption capacity of benzene, toluene, and phenol in zeolite MCM-41, which even without previous treatment showed adsorption capacities five times greater than those of clinoptilolite and ZSM-5. 306, 2021. J. Environ. However, adsorption kinetics has not been investigated in most studies. Turbidity measurements of the ion exchange media over 24h of agitation at 200rpm (t=0-24h), presented as ln(turbidity, NTU) over time, on the left, disintegration rate (NTU/h) of the ion exchange media in the period 0-2h and 2-24h. For the compression test, each media (30 beads/media) was subjected to increasing loading pressure and the force applied at breaking point was registered (Fig. PubMed Central M. Kadhom, N. Albayati, H. Alalwan, and M. Al-Furaiji, Removal of dyes by agricultural waste, Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, vol. 302, 641649. This suggests that adsorption occurs only on the surface, and the entry of molecules into the interior of the zeolite pores was impaired. 6, pp. 928949, 2017. S. Sivalingam and S. Sen, Efficient removal of textile dye using nanosized fly ash derived zeolite-x: kinetics and process optimization study, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, vol. Y. Jin, Y. Wu, J. Cao, and Y. Wu, Adsorption behavior of Cr(VI), Ni(II), and Co(II) onto zeolite 13x, Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. The composition of the wastewater was: chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 37.012.3mg/L, ammonium (NH4+-N) was 13.64.6mg was NH4-N/L, orthophosphate (PO4-P) was 6.00.25mg PO4-P/L, calcium (Ca2+) was 25.11.2mg Ca2+/L, potassium (K+) was 25.42.2mgK+/L and the pH was 7.30.4. Because of the excess of the negative charge on the surface of zeolite, which results from isomorphic replacement of silicon by aluminum in the primary structural units, natural zeolites belong to the group of cationic exchangers. 245251, 1997. 23462352, 2018. Observed clinically relevant effects on organs and systems for different clinoptilolite materials in vivo are due to major clinoptilolite properties: detoxification, antioxidant effect, release of trace elements, and positive influence on the microbiota status in the intestine as described in Table 1. Sci. A. Garg, M. Mainrai, V. K. Bulasara, and S. Barman, Experimental investigation on adsorption of amido black 10b dye onto zeolite synthesized from fly ash, Chemical Engineering Communications, vol. It outperforms sand and carbon filters, providing purer water and better throughput rates with less maintenance. Chem. Municipal wastewater was obtained from Cranfield University wastewater treatment plant in the UK (2,840 population equivalent) after the secondary treatment with trickling filters that removed organic carbon. In secondary effluent wastewater (Cin=0.7meq NH4+-/L), Zeolite1, 2 and 6 showed AEC=0.05meq NH4+-N /g media, similar to the AEC registered for Zeolite-N (0.06meq NH4+-N/g media). Frontiers | Critical Review on Zeolite Clinoptilolite Safety and From the laboratory scale experiments, Zeolite6 was chosen as media to replace Zeolite-N at demonstration scale. 261, pp. Some other beneficiation processes for zeolites have also been developed, but are not commercially employed. 5, pp. In municipal wastewater (Cin=0.7meq NH4+-N/L), Zeolite-N presented the highest AEC both compared to the other synthetic zeolites and the natural clinoptilolite. The solutions (100ml) were mixed with 0.5g of media at 150rpm for 8h using the orbital shaker SSL1 (STUART, UK), after which, the remaining ammonium was measured. 54, pp. However, Zeolite6 disintegrated after 2months of operation, whilst Zeolite-N remained stable for 1.5year. The application of ion exchange process for ammonium (NH4+-N) removal from wastewater is limited due to the lack of suppliers of engineered zeolites which present high ammonium exchange capacity (AEC) and mechanical strength. Sun, S. Zheng, and S. Komarneni, Mechanism of zeolite X crystallization from diatomite, Materials Research Bulletin, vol. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 1, pp. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. In Advanced Structured Materials, Vol. The analysis of the pH was performed using a pH meter (Jenway 3,510 pH and conductivity meter, Camlab, UK). Zeolite6 and Zeolite2 showed increased capacities (4.7 and 4.5meq NH4+-N, respectively). 48(4), 622630. 3). Park, Adsorption of Cr (VI) on hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPB) modified natural zeolites, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. 20, pp. 84, pp. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1256197 (2018). 495499, 2014. Part 5.Gibbs free energy of hydration at 298.15 K, Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, vol. 590598, 2013. Clinoptilolite showed the highest compression resistance (loading pressure of 38.611.5N before breakage). Kulprathipanja, S.) 126 (Wiley, Hoboken, 2010). Sci. Z. Yuna, Review of the natural, modified, and synthetic zeolites for heavy metals removal from wastewater, Environmental Engineering Science, vol. R. L. Ray and R. A. Sheppard, Occurrence of zeolites in sedimentary rocks: an overview, in Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties, Applications, D. L. Bish and D. W. Ming, Eds., vol. 120132, 2018. The process is favored for zeolites with a lower Si/Al ratio, in which the largest amount of aluminum atoms contributes to a greater negative charge. C. Belviso, A. Kharchenko, E. Agostinelli et al., Red mud as aluminium source for the synthesis of magnetic zeolite, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. Zeolite - Wikipedia R. E. Morris, Ionothermal synthesis of zeolites and other porous materials, in Zeolites and Catalysis, Synthesis, Reactions, and Applications, J. Cejka, A. Corma, and S. Zones, Eds., vol. 28, pp. 4559, 2017. Considering all the media and cycles, statistical analysis revealed a significant effect for the ammonium exchange capacity in wastewater and during the regeneration phase depending on the media used (p<0.0001). 51, no. 19591968, 2019. J. Dong, Z. Xu, S. Yang, S. Murad, and K. R. Hinkle, Zeolite membranes for ion separations from aqueous solutions, Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, vol. M. Trojanowicz, Removal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from waters and wastewaters by the use of ionizing radiation, Sci Total Environ, vol. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(02)00433-X (2002). 18, p. 100692, 2020. On the other hand, lower values were registered for Zeolite6 for both AEC (0.010.95meq NH4+-N /g media) and Qreg (0.140.24meq NH4+-N/g media). J. Goscianska, M. Ptaszkowska-Koniarz, M. Frankowski, M. Franus, R. Panek, and W. Franus, Removal of phosphate from water by lanthanum-modified zeolites obtained from fly ash, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. Zeolite-N and Zeolite6 were chosen among all the media tested for further tests in a demonstration scale IEX and fed with wastewater with an NH4+-N of 0.80.3meq NH4+-N/L (Table 2). The authors acknowledge CNPq, Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, CAPES Foundation, and PROEX CAPES for the support to PPGEM. 393, p. 122481, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22071107 (2017). 1523, 2011. Introduction Natural zeolites are environmentally and economically acceptable hydrated aluminosilicate materials with exceptional ion-exchange and sorption properties. B. Maia, R. N. Dias, R. S. Anglica, and R. F. Neves, Influence of an aging step on the synthesis of zeolite NaA from Brazilian Amazon kaolin waste, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. In comparison, higher values were registered for Zeolite5 and Zeolite2 (17.5 and 16.2 NTU/h, respectively) and Zeolite1 and Zeolite4 (14.4 and 13.9 NTU/h, respectively). 31, pp. N. Widiastuti, H. Wu, H. M. Ang, and D. Zhang, Removal of ammonium from greywater using natural zeolite, Desalination, vol. C. Wang, J. Zhou, Y. Wang, M. Yang, Y. Li, and C. Meng, Synthesis of zeolite X from low-grade bauxite, Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, vol. This model, adequate for solutions with low concentration, indicates that the material utilized as adsorbent possesses a large number of active sites. 249, pp. Shaban, M., AbuKhadra, M. R., Nasief, F. M. & Abd El-Salam, H. M. Removal of ammonia from aqueous solutions, ground water, and wastewater using mechanically activated clinoptilolite and synthetic zeolite-a: kinetic and equilibrium studies. 136, no. Currently, the most used ion exchange media for ammonium removal is the natural zeolite clinoptilolite (in the activated Na-form) which has been showed to have ammonium exchange capacity of up to 19g NH4+-N/kg media (1.1meq NH4+-N/g media) when treating domestic wastewater with initial concentration of 27mg NH4+-N/L (1.5meq NH4+-N/L) and pH 7.712. Zeolite Application in Wastewater Treatment - Hindawi 185, 2020. H. S. Ibrahim, T. S. Jamil, and E. Z. Hegazy, Application of zeolite prepared from Egyptian kaolin for the removal of heavy metals: II. 442448, 2010. Successively, a column with internal diameter of 217mm and height 1577mm was filled with 35L (24kg) of Zeolite6 (Table 2). 20, pp. Rapid removal of ammonium from domestic wastewater using polymer hydrogels. EEC Council, 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 Concerning Urban Waste-Water Treatment, EEC Counc. E. A. Abdelrahman, Synthesis of zeolite nanostructures from waste aluminum cans for efficient removal of malachite green dye from aqueous media, Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 97, no. N. Jiang, R. Shang, S. G. J. Heijman, and L. C. Rietveld, Adsorption of triclosan, trichlorophenol, and phenol by high-silica zeolites: adsorption efficiencies and mechanisms, Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 2a) with initial ammonium concentration was 0.7meq NH4+-N/L (12.7mg NH4+-N/L). 105113, 2018. 57, article 18922-9001, 2016. feldspar. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.10.045 (2006). 71387143, 2018. Article 3543, 2012. J. Environ. It is an inorganic salt which able to form stable complexes with anions in wastewater sample (Margeta et. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (2023). 255, 200210. (1). 102(June), 147157. On the other hand, the size of the Clinoptilolite particles ranged between 2.53.5mm which could have affected both the AEC capacity tests and the attrition and compression tests. Clinoptilolite presented higher resistance to attrition and compression when compared to Zeolite-N. On the other hand, considering the synthetic zeolites, it was no possible to clearly conclude what media was stronger than Zeolite-N. H. Lin, X. Wu, and J. Zhu, Kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics of ammonium sorption from swine manure by natural chabazite, Separation Science and Technology, vol. 283296, 2017. The most effective IEX media are characterized by great selectivity for the target pollutant, high specific surface area and ability to be regenerated allowing for its re-use multiple times7. Preparation and evaluation of zeolites for ammonium removal from municipal wastewater through ion exchange process. PDF Natural vs. Synthetic Zeolites 8087, 2010. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Eng. 16(3), 2941 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3643-7 (2017). 424431, 2005. A sample of both media was analysed at the optical microscope (Optech Microscopes Ltd) for the fresh media and for the media taken from the IEX-D columns after 7 and 3 cycles for Zeolite-N and Zeolite6, respectively and resistance to attrition test were completed (Attrition and resistance to compression tests section). Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 205, pp. 217229, 2004. For this reason, the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and Council Directive 91/271/EEC have established stringent limits on the discharge of these compounds into water bodies2,3. Using Natural Zeolite To Remove Ammonia in Water Today, all people enjoy beautiful life and focus more on the environment of the agriculture food, house, and body health. 86, pp. The Langmuir isotherm illustrates this phenomenon well, and this model best fitted the experimental data available for the investigation on the use of zeolites as adsorbents. A Short Review on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Zeolites These cations can be exchanged with the surroundings, following Eq. & Soares, A. The AEC was calculated according to Eq. Stud. Natural Zeolites in Water Treatment - How Effective is Their Use 221, pp. 88, no. 1). 2, pp. Cruz, H. et al. T. Thorsteinsson, T. Jhannesson, and . Snorrason, Glaciers and ice caps: vulnerable water resources in a warming climate, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, vol. Google Scholar. Technol. A. S. Zola, M. A. S. D. Barros, E. F. Sousa-Aguiar, and P. A. Arroyo, Determination of the maximum retention of cobalt by ion exchange in H-zeolites, Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. Considering natural zeolites, the comminution process can be optimized with prior knowledge of this parameter. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. J.-Q. 14321441, 2018. 1-3, pp. 946952, 2006. 420, 2021. Y. Ma, C. Yan, A. Alshameri, X. Qiu, C. Zhou, and D. Li, Synthesis and characterization of 13X zeolite from low-grade natural kaolin, Advanced Powder Technology, vol. Ersoy, B. 34, pp. X. M. Lv, J. Li, H. Chen, and H. J. Tang, Copper wastewater treatment with high concentration in a two-stage crystallization-based combined process, Environmental Technology, vol. The isotherm models are represented by curves that relate the amount of adsorbate at the adsorbent surface and the concentration of the adsorbate in the liquid phase, at a constant temperature. In particular, Zeolite1-6 were subjected to different calcination times and temperatures and calcined in different scales of kiln. 2b). Therefore, to maintain the operation and avoid decommissioning of already existing IEX plants as well as implement the process at bigger scale, it is a crucial need to find suitable media that can replace or even surpass the performance of Zeolite-N. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of natural zeolite as support for microbial community formation during wastewater treatment. Chem. The average initial concentration was 12.10.3mg NH4+-N/L (0.7meq NH4+-N/L). Figure 1. Since adsorption occurs on the surface of the particles, it is expected that the particle size of the zeolite used may influence the efficiency of the process. A. F. Masters and T. Maschmeyer, Zeolites - From curiosity to cornerstone, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. Song, S. Che, and X. Fang, CO2 adsorption on polyethylenimine-modified ZSM-5 zeolite synthesized from rice husk ash, Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. This paper studied the adsorption of chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil and turbidity of the produced water (PW) which accompanies the production and reconnaissance of oil after treating utilizing powdered activated carbon (PAC), clinoptilolite natural zeolite (CNZ) and synthetic zeolite type X (XSZ). For clinoptilolite and Zeolite2, after 10 cycles, the AEC decreased (15% and 3%, respectively) and the Qreg too (11% and 3%, respectively) while no clear pattern in the variation of AEC and Qreg was identified for the other zeolites (Fig. V. Hernandez-Montoya, M. A. Perez-Cruz, D. I. Mendoza-Castillo, M. R. Moreno-Virgen, and A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, Competitive adsorption of dyes and heavy metals on zeolitic structures, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. Johnson, E. B. G. & Arshad, S. E. Hydrothermally synthesized zeolites based on kaolinite: a review. Cloud Mining, New Mexico), and Zeolite1-6 (synthetic zeolites, BYK Additives & Instruments Ltd, Germany). J. Canada 51(4), 321330. 147(3), 883889. Successively, 100mL of municipal wastewater were mixed with 1g of the media (i.e. In this study, FeCl3 was selected as cationic surfactant for the surface modification. 57, pp. Natural Zeolite - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics 29242929, 2019. Removal of Heavy Metals from Polluted Solutions by Zeolitic - Springer Flanigen, E. M., Broach, R. W. & Wilson, S. T. Introduction. This was also the conclusion from the study from Snchez-Hernndez et al.26 using zeolite obtained from a hazardous Al-containing waste and NaCl as a regenerant. Y. Wang, T. Du, Z. Qiu, Y. 25, no. In particular, a media loss of 0.027% per month was estimated for Zeolite-N, while, for Zeolite6, the loss was of 10% per month. 7, no. The exchange capacity of the zeolite depends on several factors such as the negative charge of its framework structure (due to Si/Al ratio) as well as size, concentration and charge of the exchange ions13. Y. Zhao, Y. Niu, X. Hu et al., Removal of ammonium ions from aqueous solutions using zeolite synthesized from red mud, Desalination and Water Treatment, pp. This guide provides key facts and practical tips on women's health. 2025, 2015. 118, 2016. 2b). 144, pp. Zeolite-N presented the highest AEC (0.0520.03meq NH4+-N/g media) with minimum decrease (6%) between the first and tenth cycle. Samples were taken at regular intervals (each 15min during the first hour of treatment and each 2h from 2 to 24h of treatment), after 1min of settling. What is the use of zeolite in water treatment? - Netsol Water The modification of zeolites using surfactants makes this interaction possible by the appearance of a hydrophobic monolayer at the zeolite surface. S. Kraljevi Paveli, V. Micek, A. Filoevi et al., Novel, oxygenated clinoptilolite material efficiently removes aluminium from aluminium chloride-intoxicated rats _in vivo_, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69348-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69348-6. Song, Synthesis, characterization and CO2 adsorption of NaA, NaX, and NaZSM-5 from rice husk ash, Solid State Sciences, vol. 174-175, pp. 121, pp. For phosphoric compounds, the process occurs by electrostatic attraction, and, as in the previous cases, each site can adsorb only one molecule, leading to the formation of a monolayer. 166, pp. C. B. Vidal, G. S. Raulino, A. L. Barros et al., BTEX removal from aqueous solutions by HDTMA-modified Y zeolite, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 91106, 2004. Sun, and C. Ma, Effect and mechanism of modification treatment on ammonium and phosphate removal by ferric-modified zeolite, Environmental Technology, vol. 52, pp. 39, no. In particular, future work should focus on the production of a media with more spherical shape thus reducing eventual sharp edges which could have an impact on both the resistance to attrition and compression. Brown, D. Cartwright, R. Davison, and P. M. Wallis, Trace organic compounds in rivers, streams, and wastewater in southeastern Alberta, Canada, Inland Waters, vol. Mater. Water Process Eng. In addition to adsorption, ion exchange is also present as a mechanism for removing heavy metals in solution, as indicated by Bai et al. Eng. 220231, 2006. Article A. Ibrahim, G. Kini, and B. Koopman, Synthesis, optimization and characterization of zeolite A and its ion-exchange properties, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. Huang, X., Guida, S., Jefferson, B. 16, p. 100259, 2020. 390, no. 4(September), 510519 (2013). The variability of the mechanical strength of the synthetic zeolites was attributed to the difference in the production process (temperature, time and dimension of the kiln during calcination). The most important The specific structure of the zeolites gives them a number of unique properties. B. Makgabutlane, L. N. Nthunya, N. Musyoka, B. S. Dladla, E. N. Nxumalo, and S. D. Mhlanga, Microwave-assisted synthesis of coal fly ash-based zeolites for removal of ammonium from urine, RSC Advances, vol. PubMed How Is Zeolite Water Treatment Media Used In Water And - Water Online G. Garcia, E. Cardenas, S. Cabrera, J. Hedlund, and J. Mouzon, Synthesis of zeolite Y from diatomite as silica source, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. These results suggested that particular attention needs to be given to the production of the media especially considering its porosity and shape. 183191, 2019. H. Ghobarkar, O. Schf, and U. Guth, Zeolites--from kitchen to space, Progress in Solid State Chemistry, vol. Sometimes we use them in the way that they are available in the environment, and other times we find . Eng. M. Tsujiguchi, T. Kobashi, M. Oki, Y. Utsumi, N. Kakimori, and A. Nakahira, Synthesis and characterization of zeolite A from crushed particles of aluminoborosilicate glass used in LCD panels, Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, vol. 132138, 2018. Comparable to nitrogenous compounds and heavy metals, the dye adsorption process occurs mainly by cationic exchange and electrostatic interactions. Zeolite-N presented the highest AEC (0.060.002meq NH4+-N/g media), followed by Zeolite1, 2 and 6 (0.050.003meq NH4+-N/g media). Role of zeolite adsorbent in water treatment - ScienceDirect The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. 3, pp. 38, article 17870-9, pp. C. Barelocher, L. B. McCuster, and D. H. Olson, Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 6 ed. [115] and Hui et al. 441449, 2018. Furthermore, their properties make them materials of choice for developing and emerging separation applications. Philibert, M., Zacchi, C. M., Pottier, C., Sacareau, D. & Baudin, I. Y. Wang, T. Du, H. Jia, Z. Qiu, and Y. 665672, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.10.071 (2014). Zeolites used in organic compound removal, along with experimental conditions and adsorption and kinetic models. Article N. R. C. Fernandes Machado and D. M. Malachini Miotto, Synthesis of NaA and X zeolites from oil shale ash, Fuel, vol. The use of ion exchange (IEX) systems for the selective removal of ammonium from wastewater is becoming increasingly attractive due to its high removal efficiency, low greenhouse gas emissions, competitive cost, and relative simplicity of operation6. M. Yoldi, E. G. Fuentes-Ordoez, S. A. Korili, and A. Gil, Zeolite synthesis from industrial wastes, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. Wang, Y.-X. This project has received funding from the Europe Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. Economic evaluation of ion-exchange processes for nutrient removal and recovery from municipal wastewater. 2433, 2018. Firstly, a column with an internal diameter of 307mm and height of 1566mm was filled with 69L (78kg) of Zeolite-N. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.05.094 (2016). Also, the fact the zeolites can be regenerated with KCl, also indicates the IEX pathway is dominant in relation to the electrostatic uptake. 2429, 2018. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles 1520, 2015. When modified by a cationic surfactant (a), zeolite can also remove anionic (c) and organic species or both (d). It extends the lifetime of the zeolite column to the time of regeneration and the final use of the zeolite. 41134421, 2003. 27, no. 17, no. & Yang, L. Ammonium removal from aqueous solutions by using natural Chinese (Chende) zeolite as adsorbent. Rep., Zeolites and Their Applications, 2018, Chapter Chapter 1. Maximum load at breaking point (N) registered for each media (average of 30 beads/media) when subjected to increasing pressure until breakage; force applied at breaking point was registered with an accuracy of 0.5%. Kowalczyk, P. et al. As shown in Table 7, most studies indicate that the Langmuir isotherm best represents the adsorption process, which confirms this theory. I. Marantos, G. E. Christidis, and M. Ulmanu, Zeolite formation and deposits, Handbook of Natural Zeolites, 2012. B. Beler-Baykal and A. D. Allar, Upgrading fertilizer production wastewater effluent quality for ammonium discharges through ion exchange with clinoptilolite, Environmental Technology, vol. H. Bacelo, A. M. A. Pintor, S. C. R. Santos, R. A. R. Boaventura, and C. M. S. Botelho, Performance and prospects of different adsorbents for phosphorus uptake and recovery from water, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 78 531 (Springer Science, 2016). 28-30, pp. B. de Gennaro, Surface modification of zeolites for environmental applications, in Modified Clay and Zeolite Nanocomposite Materials, pp. Natural Zeolites in Water Treatment - How Effective is Their Use C. Kroeze, N. Hofstra, W. Ivens, A. Lhr, M. Strokal, and J. van Wijnen, The links between global carbon, water, and nutrient cycles in an urbanizing world the case of coastal eutrophication, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, vol.
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