University of Tennessees oldest Vol is Monty,an Edmontosaurus annectens. [82], In a 2011 study, Campione and Evans recorded data from all known "edmontosaur" skulls from the Campanian and Maastrichtian and used it to plot a morphometric graph, comparing variable features of the skull with skull size. The areas in-between the folded areas were occupied by an oval cluster of pavement tubercles. Browse 63 authentic edmontosaurus stock photos, high-res images, and pictures, or explore additional parasaurolophus or triceratops stock images to find the right photo at the right size and resolution for your project. It contains the 2 known species: E. regalis and E. annectens. Tenessee State Museum, accessed April 12, Edmontosaurus: A Tennessee Dinosaur Dennis Hansen, Oct. 22, 2021, Tweet Dinosaur Museum Altmhltal, accessed April 12, Home page [19][37], E. annectens differed from E. regalis by having a longer, lower, and less robust skull and the lack of a comb-like crest. The mummy was discovered lying on its back, its neck twisted backwards and its forelimbs outstretched. [54], A 2004 study by Kathryn Thomas and Sandra Carlson used teeth from the upper jaw of three individuals interpreted as a juvenile, a subadult, and an adult, recovered from a bone bed in the Hell Creek Formation of Corson County, South Dakota. Edmontosaurus ( / dmntsrs / ed-MON-t-SOR-s) (meaning "lizard from Edmonton "), often colloquially and historically known as Anatosaurus (meaning "duck lizard"), is a genus of hadrosaurid (duck-billed) dinosaur It contains two known species: Edmontosaurus regalis and Edmontosaurus annectens. [66] However, the most recent review of Hadrosauridae, by Jack Horner and colleagues (2004), came to a noticeably different result: Edmontosaurus was nested between Gryposaurus and the "brachylophosaurs", and distant from Saurolophus. In regards to Claosaurus annectens, he recommended that it be considered the same as Thespesius occidentalis. [24] Stephen Czerkas, in 1997, argued that this row would likely have extended over much of the body, including the neck, making a frill of loosely folded skin seem unlikely. [11] The scientific value of the mummy lies in its exceptionally high degree of preservation, the articulation of the bones in their original anatomical position, and the extensive skin impressions enveloping the specimen. The fastest non-hopping gaits were galloping (maximum simulated speed of 15.7 metres per second (57km/h; 35mph)) and running bipedally (maximum simulated speed of 14.0 metres per second (50km/h; 31mph)). [72] The plant remains in the Senckenberg Museum specimen have been described, but have proven difficult to interpret. Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-3200 Phone: 865-974-2144 Email: museum@utk.edu The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. This species was originally as a species of Claosaurus, known for many years as a species of Trachodon, and later known as Anatosaurus annectens. It contains two known species: Edmontosaurus regalis and Edmontosaurus annectens. Osborn, now worried about losing his opportunity, quickly acquired the specimen for an unknown sum. M.Sc. [18] These rocks are older than the rocks in which Claosaurus annectens was found. [69] An example of this is William Morris's 1970 interpretation of an edmontosaur skull with nonbony beak remnants. Body Size: Large: over 13 meters (40 feet)! Like other hadrosaurids, it was a bulky animal with a long, laterally flattened tail and an expanded, duck-like beak. [58] Each foot had three toes, with no big toe or little toe. NPS Photo What is for dinner? It was discovered in 1912 by Levi Sternberg. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [90], Like other hadrosaurids, Edmontosaurus is thought to have been a facultative biped, meaning that it mostly moved on four legs, but could adopt a bipedal stance when needed. Edmontosaurus (/dmntsrs/ ed-MON-t-SAWR-s) (meaning "lizard from Edmonton") is a genus of hadrosaurid (duck-billed) dinosaur. Fossils of E. regalis have been found in rocks of western North America that date from the late Campanian age of the Cretaceous period 73 million years ago, while those of E. annectens were found in the same geographic region from rocks dated to the end of the Maastrichtian age, 66million years ago. [2][3] The Sternbergs left their family residence in Kansas in early spring,[2] and arrived in the Lance Creek area in July. Fastovsky, D.E., and Smith, J.B. (2004). Because it survived the attack, Carpenter suggested that it may have outmaneuvered or outrun its attacker, or that the damage to its tail was incurred by the hadrosaurid using it as a weapon against the tyrannosaur. [6] Charles W. Gilmore, in 1915, reassessed hadrosaurids and recommended that Thespesius be reintroduced for hadrosaurids from the Lance Formation and rock units of equivalent age and that Trachodon, based on inadequate material, should be restricted to a hadrosaurid from the older Judith River Formation and its equivalents. The name Edmontosaurus regalis means "regal lizard from Edmonton" - the regal nature of the animal evidently comes from its huge size and robustness. The time span covered by the Horseshoe Canyon Formation and equivalents is also known as Edmontonian, and the time span covered by the younger units is also known as Lancian. Furthermore, Carpenter noted that today's large even-toed ungulates are closely bound to water during droughts to prevent overheating. A possible aquatic lifestyle of hadrosaurids had been proposed before, in particular based on the great depth and flat sides of a well-preserved tail discovered by Brown in 1906. A team of scientists have produced a study mapping an astonishing dinosaur bonebed that has so far yielded a staggering total of 13,000 individual fossil elements. Hadrosaurid dinosaur genus from Late Cretaceous US and Canada. Among dinosaurs, osteochondrosis (like tumors) is most commonly found in hadrosaurids. He proposed that the structure of the skull permitted motion between bones that resulted in backward and forward motion of the lower jaw, and outward bowing of the tooth-bearing bones of the upper jaw when the mouth was closed. The flagship campus of the University of Tennessee System and partner in the Tennessee Transfer Pathway. There are two species of Edmontosaurus. Counting back from the hip, the thirteenth to seventeenth vertebrae have damaged spines consistent with an attack from the right rear of the animal. [62][63][64], Edmontosaurus was a hadrosaurid (a duck-billed dinosaur), a member of a family of dinosaurs which to date are known only from the Late Cretaceous. [47][9] However, these are probably subadult individuals[19] There is also at least one report of a much larger potential E. annectens specimen thats almost 12 metres (39ft) long. Some of the marks are partially healed. Edmontosaurus had a large range across western North America during the Late Cretaceous Period and is known from similar-age rocks on Alaska's North Slope. [72][78], The diet and physiology of Edmontosaurus have been probed by using stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen as recorded in tooth enamel. After dehydration, the mummy likely would have been rapidly buried by a meandering river, with bacteria consolidating the surrounding sediments, resulting in its excellent preservation. "[16] More recent reviews of hadrosaurids have concurred. They note that there are several other hypotheses to test as well. [45] This ridge was for the attachment of powerful muscles attached to the hips and tail that pulled the thighs (and thus the hind legs) backward and helped maintain the use of the tail as a balancing organ. It is limited to late Maastrichtian rocks and is represented by at least twenty skulls, some with postcranial remains. [23] Almost two-thirds of the total skin area is preserved, often with excellent preservation. [45] Known column counts for the two species are: 51 to 53columns per maxilla and 48 to 49 per dentary (teeth of the upper jaw being slightly narrower than those in the lower jaw) for E. regalis; and 52columns per maxilla and 44 per dentary for E. annectens (an E. saskatchewanensis specimen). A combination of factors is also possible. That Edmontosaurus probably died of wounds sustained after being attacked and bitten on the throat, possibly by a Tyrannosaurus rex. [8] A patch of skin is also present in the nostril region of the snout; these scales measured 3 to 5mm (0.12 to 0.20in) in diameter. [11][33], Prieto-Mrquez and Wagner further suggested that sedimentary ridges within the depression likely represent former soft-tissue structures. Sternberg speculated that these tendons served as defensive structures and could not be penetrated by the claws of predatory dinosaurs such as the contemporary Tyrannosaurus. [61] Because of these finds, the scalation of Edmontosaurus annectens is known for most areas of the body. Because of the incomplete understanding of hadrosaurids at the time, following Marsh's death in 1897, Claosaurus annectens was variously classified as a species of Claosaurus, Thespesius or Trachodon. This truly wonderful specimen, therefore, nearly doubles our previous insight into the habits and life of a very remarkable group of reptiles. Early phylogenies, such as that presented in R. S. Lull and Nelda Wright's influential 1942 monograph, had Edmontosaurus and various species of Anatosaurus (most of which would be later considered as additional species or specimens of Edmontosaurus) as one lineage among several lineages of "flat-headed" hadrosaurs. The Edmontosaurus is a hadrosaur, or duck-billed dinosaur, and these types of dinosaurs once roamed the coastal plains of Tennessee. [54], Between the mid-1980s and the 2000s, the prevailing interpretation of how hadrosaurids processed their food followed the model put forward in 1984 by David B. Weishampel. E. regalis had thirteen neck vertebrae, eighteen back vertebrae, nine hip vertebrae, and an unknown number of tail vertebrae. [23][22] Furthermore, the carcass was not affected by scavengers. [87], In 2003, evidence of tumors, including hemangiomas, desmoplastic fibroma, metastatic cancer, and osteoblastoma, was described in Edmontosaurus bones. This motion is thought to have been the primary motion for grinding food. The beak was toothless, and both the upper and lower beaks were extended by keratinous material. The webbing would not only have connected the fingers with each other, but would also have extended up to 5cm (2.0in) beyond the fingertips. Instead, the skin impression described by Osborn would have come from the fleshy crest above the downward-curved neck spine. When discovered, skin impressions probably encased the whole skeleton, but were partially destroyed while freeing it from the surrounding rocks. This state of affairs persisted for several decades until Michael K. Brett-Surman reexamined the pertinent material for his graduate studies in the 1970s and 1980s. This hypothesis appeared to be in accordance with an 1883 account by Edward Drinker Cope describing hadrosaurid teeth as "slightly attached" and "delicate", and therefore suitable for feeding on soft aquatic plants. [15], Gregory S. Paul, in 1987, stated that the life appearance of Edmontosaurus and Corythosaurus can be more accurately restored than that of any other dinosaur thanks to the well-preserved mummy specimens. [23] The specimen became the first dinosaur skeleton to be mounted for exhibition in a Canadian museum. Its taxonomic history intertwines at various points with the genera Agathaumas, Anatosaurus, Anatotitan, Claosaurus, Hadrosaurus, Thespesius, and Trachodon,[5][6] with references predating the 1980s typically using Anatosaurus, Claosaurus, Thespesius, or Trachodon for edmontosaur fossils (excluding those assigned to E. regalis) depending on the author and the date. [98], Edmontosaurus was a wide-ranging genus in both time and space. The larger "pavement tubercles", less than 5mm (0.20in) in diameter, were pentagonal in shape, raised relative to the ground tubercles, and arranged in irregular clusters interrupting the surface formed by the lower ground tubercles. [2][4], When paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn, manager of the American Museum of Natural History, learned about the new find, he immediately sent staff member and paleontologist Albert Thomson, to attempt to secure it for the museum. Candidates for ingested abrasives include silica-rich plants like horsetails and soil that was accidentally ingested due to feeding at ground level. (2016). [32], Osborn observed in 1912 that clusters of "pavement tubercles" were more numerous on the upper sides of the trunk and limbs than on the underside. [100] Although sometimes reported as of exclusively early Maastrichtian age,[42] the Horseshoe Canyon Formation was of somewhat longer duration. The skeleton is complete save the tail, hind feet, and the hind portion of the pelvis. The main cause of death of these animals during droughts is starvation, not thirst. [8] As well as the skin impressions, Sternberg noted the preservation of muscle impressions. Delicate for the size of the animal, the skin includes two different types of non-overlapping scales that were between 1 and 5 millimetres (0.039 and 0.197 inches) in diameter. Two large speimens, MOR 1609 and MOR 1142 were probably over 15 meters (49 feet) in length! Tropical araucarian conifers and palm trees dotted the hardwood forests, differentiating the flora from the northern coastal plain. Edmontosaurus was a fairly large dinosaur. [21], Most of the skeleton is preserved, the bones still attached to each other in their original anatomical position. "Cranial variation in. Learn, 1327 Circle Park Drive Muscles and joints were generally occupied with smaller tubercles to enable greater flexibilitylarger tubercles are found in those parts that are tightly pressed to the bones. [27][28][29] Although theses and dissertations are not regarded as official publications by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, which regulates the naming of organisms, his conclusions were known to other paleontologists and were adopted by several popular works of the time. Krusel, who described the material, interpreted it as the gut contents of the animal,[73] while Abel could not rule out that the plants had been washed into the carcass after death. Gilmore found that his new species compared closely to what he called Thespesius annectens, but left the two apart because of details of the arms and hands. The skulls became longer and flatter as the animals grew. copei. Edmontosaurus had the reptilian equivalent of a hoofits middle fingers connected and covered in a large nail. The thigh also showed relatively small tubercles on the inner side; no impressions of the outer side are preserved. Charles H. Sternberg, in 1909,[4][5] and Charles M. Sternberg, in 1970,[34] assumed that the animal died in water. As this covering was apparently restricted to the rear part, it is likely that the opening of the nasal passage into the skull interior would also have been situated there. [5] Most of the back and tail were lined by ossified tendons arranged in a latticework along the neural spines of the vertebrae. [27] In 2015, Philip Manning and colleagues concluded that skin in dinosaur mummies is not simply preserved as an impression but contains original biomolecules or their derivatives. When feeding, drinking, and breathing, animals take in carbon and oxygen, which become incorporated into bone. This skin is smooth and wrinkled and tubercles are absent, in contrast with the rest of the body. They found weak support for bipedal running as the most likely option for high-speed movement, but did not rule out high-speed quadrupedal movement. This type of river constantly migrates its riverbed by eroding the cut bank (the bank on the outside of the river bends) and depositing sediment on the slip-off slope (on the inside of the bends). [69], Because scratches dominate the microwear texture of the teeth, Williams et al. This neck crest would have been much deeper than previously assumed, connecting the base of the head to the shoulder region. [20] The majority of dinosaur skin impressions are referable to the Hadrosauridae.