morbidity surveys of the general population:morbidity surveys of the general population:

The .gov means its official. Athens, The Statistician joined the Journal of the Royal Statistical For that, a systematic literature review of international and Greek bibliography and a review of the large epidemiological studies websites (eg, NHANES; Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe; and European Health Examination Survey) were conducted. METHOD. New questions were drafted by the core research team and scientific committee. Morbidity surveys of the general population collect data on what? All participants were given enough time to read carefully the ICF and to ask relevant questions before they signed it. Information and variables to include in a survey instrument are. Responding to urgent public health issues expeditiously requires balancing the speed of response with the need for accurate data and information to support the implementation of control measures. Although field researchers followed the provided instructions and protocols (they had been provided with special identities and letters of information, whereas local police station was informed about the survey), the response rates were very low, ranging from 27% to 50%. Wiley has partnerships with many of the worlds leading societies and publishes over 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols in STMS subjects. Of these, 4827 participated in at least one physical examination, 4446 had blood tests, and 3622 spirometry, whereas 3580 provided consent for using stored samples for future research (3528 including DNA studies). The link was not copied. Close-ended questions usually are used for outbreak investigations. British Journal of General Practice. population based epidemiology final exam study guide the final exam covers all . For example, for a long survey or one with complex skip patterns, an interviewer-administered survey might be better than a self-administered one. In some small rural areas, interviewed participants were invited to visit local health care units where study physicians examined them. Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Athens,, Greece, Phone: 30 2107462089, health survey, chronic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory, risk factors, epidemiology, Greece. Population surveys are compared with medical sources, in particular general practitioner and hospital records, as a means of collecting data about the population's health and its usage of the health services. Prevalence rate. The media can play important and sometimes conflicting roles during an outbreak. The door-to-door approach is common in health screening surveys, and it has been applied in some large scale, well-established surveys such as the National Health and Nutrition Exam Survey (NHANES) [23]. Stat Bull Metropol Life Insur Co. 1947 Mar;28(3):1-4. Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, All selected (by the time of training implementation) field study staff (30 individuals) attended it. The researchers names were mentioned in the letter, (2) announcement of the study on municipalitys site, (3) information brochures distribution at infrastructures under the responsible person of the Municipality (such as elderly protection centers, social welfare, and pharmacies), (4) phone calls to eligible households, if these were available in the municipality structures, (5) studies posters suspension at key point areas of the municipality, and (6) escorting the field researcher by an employee of the Municipality, where feasible. The total number of items was 142, but through skipping and filters, some respondents answered much fewer items. Personal data were stored in a separate safely stored file and were linked by code with the rest of the participants information. Huang KL, Su TP, Chen TJ, Chou YH, Bai YM. Discussing up front the purpose of the investigation and the data collection processes will prove invaluable in the long run when collaborators are needed during case finding, data collection, implementation of control measures, and communication with affected populations and the public. Moreover, most, if not all, field investigations will be done by a larger team. 1949 Jun;39(6):747. doi: 10.2105/ajph.39.6.747. Although not specific, data from syndromic surveillance systems (e.g., from emergency departments) can be useful in determining background rates of prediagnostic signs or symptoms, such as fever, respiratory illness, or diarrhea. Conversely, many new sources of data are opportunities made possible by the expanded use of computer technology by individuals, businesses, and health systems. Greece, 13 Background Little is known about the prevalence and impairment associated with possible Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) in community adolescent populations. People aged 16-74 living in England, Wales and Scotland were included in the 2000 survey ( N =8580, response rate=70%) and adults aged 16+ living in England were included in the 2007 . Public Health Problem: To support a rapid response, field epidemiologists need to determine the most efficient, timely, and cost-effective method for data collection during an outbreak. Good social relations, such as social support and network contacts, are associated with better self-management and fewer psychosocial problems in persons with type 2 diabetes. They can have various response categories (e.g., nominal, numeric, Likert scales). The CIS-R was selected because it had been used in the first nationally representative general population survey of psychiatric morbidity in the UK made in 1993 by the Office for . Check back in spring 2024 for the next opportunity. health status of a population group morbidity surveys obtain more comprehensive information than what? An official website of the United States government. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in severe consequences worldwide. It demands a very well-experienced and trained staff; a good amount of time spent for their training and regular team meetings; however, on the other hand, it also allows for further social observations of the household and neighborhood conditions, which can add valuable information to the studies main purposes [36]. Scientific reports and papers will be of major interest to other public health scientists. Analysis of the Population Morbidity Level in the Rivne Region . In total, 6006 individuals were recruited (response rate 72%). Although analyses using the sampling weights should give representative estimates, departures in the age and sex distribution from the respective ones based on the 2011 census are expected as women and older individuals are usually over-represented in this kind of surveys. INTERVIEWER RESPONSE BIAS IN A SURVEY OF HANDICAPPING CONDITIONS AMONG CHILDREN. Subsequent chapters discuss the details of data analysis. Before starting the filed study, researchers and physicians signed a confidentiality form and vaccination for hepatitis B was recommended. Is the objective to identify a point source (e.g., a contaminated food item) of an outbreak to recall the product? Greece, 3 This will save time in the long run; many epidemiologists have learned the hard way that a survey question was not clear or was asking about more than one concept, or that the menu of answers was missing a key response category. Sociodemographic characteristics after poststratification weighting are shown in Table 3. University of Patras, Collected blood samples were analyzed for total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, triglycerides, and transaminases. Economic crisis, restrictive policies, and the population's health and health care: the Greek case. Available in full text. When starting data entry, check several records against the completed survey instrument for accuracy and consider double data entry of a sample of surveys to check for errors. Exposure to lead has significant adverse health effects (e.g., developmental delays) particularly for young children with developing brains. For obviation of participants mistrust, an informative letter was sent to the local police departments informing about the study. National Library of Medicine The analyses and results are only as good as the quality of the data collected (remember GIGO!). For example, available resources will influence how complex data collection efforts can be; the timeline for an investigation of an infectious disease outbreak needing urgent control measures might require a quick-and-dirty data collection process, whereas an investigation of a cancer cluster that has unfolded over several years may permit more in-depth data collection and analysis. The electronic version of The Statistician is available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com. Norovirus (GII) infection was confirmed as the causative agent. A.Reportable disease statistics B.Mortality statistics C.Birth statistics D.B and C D. B and C (mortality statistics and birth statistics) As Greater Athens and Thessaloniki Areas account for approximately 45.62% (4,937,936/10,823,686) of the total population, and to increase the precision of estimates for the geographical region subdomain, sampling fraction was allowed to differ by stratum, over-representing smaller strata, and under-representing larger strata, provided that the minimum sampling fraction per region (0.042% in Attica) does not get more than treble the maximum one (0.116% in Ionian islands). Expected benefits at local and international level are multifaceted. A cover sheet with attempts to contact, code status of interview (e.g., completed), and notes can be helpful. Medical School, Uncontrolled confounding or bias introduced in the association between exposure and outcome because of third variable. Request and approval of study information letter by the Ministry of education. In 1951, the first conference of state epidemiologists determined which diseases should be nationally notifiable to the Public Health Service and later to CDC. Participants came from throughout Oregon and other states, and were of higher socioeconomic status and technology-savvy. The trained staff, under supervision of the principal investigator of each region, was in charge for training the new staff entering the group throughout the study implementation. Do participants have access to phones, mailing addresses, or computers? You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Genotyping data on specific infectious agents (e.g., Salmonella strains) produced by state public health laboratories are loaded to CDCs PulseNet database to enable identification of cases across jurisdictions that might have a common source (Box 4.1) (9). Access to personal data was limited to each regions principal investigator and was only used to contact participants for sending thank your letters, the medical report, and for future follow-up, if they had consented to it. FOIA It is incumbent upon field epidemiologists to adapt to these changes to be able to investigate and control urgent public health threats. In Greece, according to data from the Hellenic Statistical Authority [11], 50% of persons aged 15 years and over suffer from a chronic disease (25.2% increase compared with 2009). Some EMENO participants refused to have physical examinations and/or to provide blood samples. The primary objectives are to describe morbidity (focusing on CVD, respiratory diseases, and diabetes), related risk factors, as well as health care and preventive measures utility patterns in a random sample of adults living in Greece. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal This area also had been affected by an outbreak of dengue fever. Additional funding was obtained from the Hellenic Diabetes Association to measure glycated hemoglobin. Because corrosion control was not used at the FWS water treatment plant, the levels of lead in Flint tap water increased over time. 9 There has also been a series of mental health surveys of children and young people . The predominant survey conducted in all states is the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a random-digit- dialed household survey of noninstitutionalized US adults. School of Medicine, Participating Centers: Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, NKUA: Touloumi Giota, Katsouyanni Klea, Kantzanou Maria, Pantazis Nikos, Karakosta Argiro, Kalpourtzi Natasa; 2nd Pulmonary Department, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, NKUA: Karakatsani Anna; Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, Third Department of Medicine, Medical School, NKUA, Sotiria Hospital: Stergiou George; Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Political and Social Sciences: Chrysochoou Xenia; Department of Primary Health Care, General Practice and Health Services Research and Department of Hygiene, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki: Benos Alexis, Gavana Magda, Haidich Bettina; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Thessaly, Larissa: Hadjichristodoulou Christos, Rachiotis George; Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras: Vantarakis Apostolos; Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina: Voulgari V Paraskevi; Institute of Epidemiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health: Alamanos Yannis; Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace: Trypsianis Grigoris; Division of Biostatistics, Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete: Chlouverakis Grigoris; Department of Political Science and Public Administration, NKUA: Nikolakopoulos Ilias, Panagiotis Koustenis; and Hellenic Diabetes Association: Makrilakis Konstantinos, Liatis Stavros. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Adjustment for nonresponse could be done by multiplying the initial weights with the reciprocal of the response rate under certain (mostly untested) assumptions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In Greece, until recently, no such HES had ever been performed at the national level to record the prevalence of frequent chronic diseases and risk factors in a large, randomly selected sample, representative of the general population. The mean (SD) age of the population was 49.3 (18.6) years; 51.5% (3447) were women; and 46.7% (2597) had graduated secondary or postsecondary school. Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising; professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications; and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Surveys have estimated the prevalence of borderline personality disorder to be 1.6% in the general population and 20% of the psychiatric inpatient population. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Physicians questionnaire included general information about physical examinations (consultation outcome, place, physical examinations, date, and duration) and sections according to the physical measurements and their exclusion criteria: (1) somatometry (height, weight, waist circumference, and left and right arm circumference); (2) blood pressure and presence of atrial fibrillation (the latter for those aged 65years); (3) spirometry; and (4) blood sampling. The sampling procedure consisted of 4 stages: (1) initial sampling units (specific regions), (2) building blocks, (3) households, and (4) individuals. Additional promotion actions included: Each participant received the following for his or her participation: (1) appreciation letter, (2) results of the medical examinations, (3) medical report (with recommendations) based on the personal medical findings, (4) pyramid of the Mediterranean diet, and (5) National Organization for the Provision of Healthcare Services recommendations for preventive measures and adult vaccination. Stergiou GS, Thomopoulou GC, Skeva II, Mountokalakis TD. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, Lisheng L, INTERHEART Study Investigators Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. The collaboration included (1) an invitation to the study through a letter from the municipality. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: National Youth Fitness Survey Estimation Procedures, 2012. In September 2009, the Oregon Public Health Division investigated an outbreak of gastroenteritis that occurred among more than 2,000 participants of a week-long, 475-mile bicycle ride. Valid estimates of population morbidity and risk factor patterns, use of preventive measures, and health services and barriers in accessing health care are necessary to plan and implement effective prevention programs; however, such data are not available in Greece. During the same period, Dr. John Snow, known as the father of modern epidemiology, mapped deaths from cholera in London and determined the Broad Street Pump as the source of contaminated water (4). 8600 Rockville Pike The estimates are based on UNFPA population data for Ukraine (last available data as of 14 November 2022), agreed as . Greek Statistical Authority. Examples of data sources for assessing possible exposures include sales receipts (e.g., meals ordered online or food items purchased from a particular store) (20) and law enforcement data (e.g., drug seizures involving illicit fentanyl in conjunction with opioid overdose deaths due to fentanyl) (21). About 12.6% (666) were born in a country other than Greece. The journal was Standardized instruments (see Multimedia Appendix 2) were used across the country for physicians measurements, whereas standardized operating procedures (SOPs) were developed by the EMENO SC for each measurement, spirometry, and blood samples collection. United Kingdom, 4 EMENO has purposefully adopted harmonized data collection methods that allow data linkage with national or international cohorts or surveys. The range of public health control measures is broad (see Chapter 11). The Holy Synod sent a letter of approval to all orthodox churches of Greece, so that the congregation would be encouraged to participate in the survey. Participants were less likely to complete the Internet surveys. If there was information that a house was not inhabited for a long period or that it was a vacation place, it was considered as noneligible. Athens, Response rate was estimated as the number of interviews over the number of eligible households reached. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal As a centralized person registry does not exist in Greece, the 2011 census constituted the sampling frame. In addition, debrief interviewers about issues they might have encountered (e.g., if participants cannot understand certain questions, those questions might need rewording). CDC twenty four seven. Collecting mortality statistics and classifying the causes of death dates to the 1500s in London, when the Bill of Mortality was periodically published (2). As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Central and local press conferences in all study regions, where the study objectives and its expected benefits were presented. Many of the steps to conducting a field investigation rely on identifying relevant existing data or collecting new data that address the key investigation objectives. June 1, 1949. . The story of removing the pump handle is the quintessential public health intervention based on scientific data. The final interviewers questionnaire was divided into the following sections: (1) sociodemographic data, including data for insurance coverage, (2) health status (general health, depression and anxiety screening, self-reported chronic diseases, subquestionnaires for coronary and peripheral artery disease, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD) and asthma, sleep, menstruation, and personal well-being), (3) health care system (use and satisfaction, health expenditures, medicines use, screening, and vaccinations), and (4) factors affecting health (self-reported height and weight, physical activity, adherence to Mediterranean diet, alcohol consumption, nutrition insecurity, smoking, environmental exposure, and household economic characteristics). Experienced field researchers (mainly working in surveys run by the Hellenic Statistical Authority) were invited to provide additional guidance to EMENO researchers. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Greater Athens area was further divided into 4 regions: Athens, East Attica, West Attica, and Piraeus.